Nubwo bitoroshye kubona inyito nyayo y’Itangazamakuru ricukumbura, hari byinshi birigize bihurizwaho na benshi mu banyamakuru b’umwuga. Bimwe mu birigize harimo: gukurikirana, gucukumbura n’ubushakashatsi bw’umwimerere; rimwe na rimwe busaba gukorwa mu ibanga. Hari abavuga ko kurikora bisaba kwifashisha cyane ibyavuye muri rubanda, hagamijwe gushyira ibintu mu mucyo, kurwanya akarengane no gucunga neza ibya rubanda, abayobozi bakabazwa inshingano.
Mu gitabo Story-Based Inquiry cya UNESCO, basobanura Itangazamakuru ricukumbura ku buryo bukurikira: “ Itangazamakuru ricukumbura rigamije kugeza kuri rubanda amakuru ahishwe cyangwa abitswe na bamwe mu banyabubasha. Ayo makuru ashobora kuba ahishwe ku bwende bwabo, arimo byinshi badashaka ko bijya ahagaragara. Itangazamakuru ricukumbura risaba rero gukoresha uburyo bw’ibanga, amakuru akava mu bantu no gusoma ibiri mu nyandiko zimwe na zimwe”. Ikigo cyo mu Buholandi gikora inkuru zicukumbuye VVOJ cyo kivuga ko ari “Itangazamakuru rijora, rigatangaza ibyo badashaka ko bitangaza, nyuma yo kubicukumbura mu mizi”.
Hari abanyamakuru bavuga ko inkuru zose ziba zicukumbuye Hari aho usanga ari byo, kuko uburyo bukoreshwa mu gucukumbura inkuru bukunze no kwifashishwa n’abanyamakuru benshi, bakamara ibyumweru byinshi ku nkuru. Ariko Itangazamakuru ricukumbura ryo rirenga aho, kuko ni ubugeni bukoresha uburyo n’inzira nyinshi, kandi kurimenya neza byafata imyaka n’imyaniko. Iyo urebye inkuru zihabwa ibihembo ku rwego rwo hejuru mu nkuru zicukumbuye, usanga ahanini ziba zarakoresheje uburyo buhanitse mu gushakisha, kandi zigatangazwa nyuma yo kuva imuzingo bimwe mu bibangamira rubanda, nko gucukumbura imikoreshereze y’umutungo wa Leta, kwitwaza icyo umuntu ari cyo agahohotera abandi, iyangirika ry’ibidukikije, amarorerwa mu rwego rw’ubuzima, n’ibindi.
Muri make, Itangazamakuru ricukumbura ribamo kugenzura, gucukumbura, ubushakashatsi bw’umwimerere; kandi akenshi inkuru igatangazwa ishyira amabanga hanze. Hari abajya baryitiranya n’iperereza ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imishinga, igenzura ry’ibigo n’amasosiyete, si byo. Hari ibyitwa “leak journalism”, kumwe umunyamakuru agira atya akagwa ku nyandiko cyangwa amabanga, abihawe na bamwe mu bategetsi, cyangwa abandi bari mu myanya ya politiki, cyangwa bibacitse. Mbese akabivumbura cyangwa umwe mu ba hafi y’ubifite akabiha umunyamakuru.
Mu by’ukuri mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere, bikiyubaka muri demokarasi, inyito y’Itangazamakuru ricukumbura iravanze cyane, ugasanga hari inkuru zitwa ko zicukumbuye, gusa kubera ko zijora cyangwa zishyira hanze amabanga. Inkuru zivuga ku byaha cyangwa ruswa, isesengura risanzwe cyangwa igitekerezo cy’uko umuntu abona ibintu; bishobora kwitirirwa Itangazamakuru ricukumbuye atari byo.
Inararibonye zivuga ko itangazamakuru ricukumbura ryiza rikoresha ubwitonzi n’ubushishozi mu kugera ku makuru; rikanizera cyane abariha amakuru b’ibanze ryishingikirizaho. Rishingira ku gitekerezo rikekeranya, rikakigerageza rishaka ukuri kwacyo; kandi rikagenzura ibimenyetso ku buryo bwimbitse. Inkoranyamagambo ivuga ko “icukumbura” ari iperereza rikorwa mu byiciro binyuranye, buhoro buhoro witonze, bivuze ko ritakorwa mu munsi umwe cyangwa ibiri; kuko iperereza nyaryo risaba umwanya uhagije. Nyuma y’umwaduko w’ikoranabuhanga muri za 1990, hari abavumbuye andi matekinike, bakibanda ku isesenguramakuru no kuyagaragaza. Nka Brant Houston agira ati, “ Itangazamakuru ricukumbura ni ngombwa, kuko rinigisha amatekinike mashya y’imikorere”. Uyu Brant Houston wo muri kaminuza ya Illinois muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’America, yayoboye igihe kirekire itsinda ry’abanyamakuru bakora inkuru zicukumbuye. Akomeza agira ati, “ayo matekinike rero agenda yinjizwa mu itangazamakuru uko iminsi ikurikirana. Muri make, umunyamakuru ucukumbura aba yubaka umwuga wose”.
Byakuwe mu gitabo Global Investigative Journalism: Strategies for Support, cyanditswe na David E. Kaplan, Center for International Media Assistance, 2013. Kaplan ni umuyobozi nshingwabikorwa Global Investigative Journalism Network, ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe n’imiryango idaharanira inyungu igera ku 184, ikaba ifasha Itangazamakuru ricukumbura mu bihugu 77.
Ibindi mwasoma:
What is Investigative Journalism, Chapter One in The Investigative Journalism Manual, Ni umushinga Global Media Programmes of the Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS) wo mu 2010.