{"id":553241,"date":"2022-07-25T16:05:48","date_gmt":"2022-07-25T20:05:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/?p=553241"},"modified":"2025-07-09T10:58:47","modified_gmt":"2025-07-09T14:58:47","slug":"istatistiksel-anlamlilik-hakkinda-gazetecilerin-bilmesi-gereken-5-sey","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/hikayeler\/istatistiksel-anlamlilik-hakkinda-gazetecilerin-bilmesi-gereken-5-sey\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130statistiksel Anlaml\u0131l\u0131k Hakk\u0131nda Gazetecilerin Bilmesi Gereken 5 \u015eey"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"goog-text-highlight\">Akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardaki en yayg\u0131n ve \u00f6nemli terimlerden biri olan istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k\u0131\u00a0 yanl\u0131\u015f anlamak ve k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmak kolayd\u0131r.\u00a0 <\/span>Bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 gazetecilerin, e\u011fitimli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n bile bazen yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en yayg\u0131n hatalar\u0131n baz\u0131lar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131k.<\/p>\n<p>Bilim insanlar\u0131 verileri analiz ederken, \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fkenler aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri ararlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, belirli \u00f6zelliklere sahip \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n ciddi yaralanmalara maruz kalma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n di\u011ferlerinden daha y\u00fcksek olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in oyun alan\u0131 kazalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin verilere bakabilirler. Y\u00fcksek kaliteli bir istatistiksel analiz, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlemek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ayr\u0131 hesaplamalar\u0131, verilerin bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma hipoteziyle ne kadar tutarl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir kan\u0131t bi\u00e7imini i\u00e7erecektir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130statistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k olduk\u00e7a teknik ve incelikli bir kavramd\u0131r ancak ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 ele alan gazeteciler, ara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n neyi temsil etti\u011fine dair temel bir anlay\u0131\u015fa sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Sa\u011fl\u0131k ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 Steven Tenny ve Ibrahim Abdelgawad <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459346\/\">istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a>\u00a0\u015fu \u015fekilde \u00e7er\u00e7evelediler : \u201cBilimde, sonucun neden meydana gelmi\u015f olabilece\u011fine dair sonsuz alternatifler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar hi\u00e7bir ifadeyi kan\u0131tlayamazlar.\u00a0Yaln\u0131zca belirli bir hipotezi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirler.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Tenny ve Abdelgawad, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n &#8220;tipik olarak hipotezin ters ifadesi&#8221; olan s\u0131f\u0131r hipotezi denen \u015feyi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.\u00a0\u0130statistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k, incelenen verilerin s\u0131f\u0131r hipotezi ile ne kadar tutars\u0131z oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n<p>Oyun alan\u0131 kazalar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ocuklara g\u00f6re daha ciddi yaralanmalara maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 varsayarsa, s\u0131f\u0131r hipotezi, \u00e7ocu\u011fun ya\u015f\u0131 ile oyun alan\u0131 yaralanmalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olabilir.\u00a0\u0130statistiksel bir analiz, iki de\u011fi\u015fken aras\u0131ndaki bir ili\u015fkiyi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rsa ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bu ili\u015fkinin istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirlerse, veriler bo\u015f hipotezle tutarl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p>A\u00e7\u0131k olmak gerekirse istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131f\u0131r hipotezini reddetmeye veya reddetmemeye karar vermek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan kan\u0131tt\u0131r. \u0130statistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 almak hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi kan\u0131tlamaz.<\/p>\n<p>Akademik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar hakk\u0131nda haber yapmadan \u00f6nce gazetecilerin istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k hakk\u0131nda bilmeleri gereken di\u011fer baz\u0131 \u015feyler:<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. Akademik Ara\u015ft\u0131rmada \u00d6nemlilik \u2260 \u00d6nemli<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bazen gazeteciler yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kla &#8220;\u00f6nemlilik&#8221; olarak tan\u0131mlanan ara\u015ft\u0131rma bulgular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli veya dikkate de\u011fer oldu\u011funu yani haber de\u011feri ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsayarlar. Bu genellikle do\u011fru de\u011fil. Yinelemek gerekirse, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bir sonucu &#8220;istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131&#8221; veya basit\u00e7e &#8220;\u00f6nemli&#8221; olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131nda, verilerin ara\u015ft\u0131rma hipotezleriyle ne kadar tutarl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtiyorlar.<\/p>\n<p>Bir bulgunun istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 olabilece\u011fini ancak klinik veya pratik \u00f6nemi \u00e7ok az veya hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmekte fayda var. Diyelim ki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar yeni bir ilac\u0131n di\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak bunun yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 dakika i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu sonucuna var\u0131yor. Veya pahal\u0131 bir \u00f6zel ders program\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayan \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00fcniversiteye giri\u015f s\u0131nav\u0131nda daha y\u00fcksek puanlar ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ancak ortalama olarak yaln\u0131zca iki puan daha kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131. Bu bulgular matematiksel anlamda \u00f6nemli olsa da, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyada \u00e7ok anlaml\u0131 de\u011filler.<\/p>\n<p>2.\u00a0<strong>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u0130statistiksel \u00d6nemlili\u011fi \u00d6l\u00e7me S\u00fcrecini Manip\u00fcle Edebilir<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar verileri analiz etmek i\u00e7in geli\u015fmi\u015f yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar kullan\u0131r.\u00a0Verilerde alg\u0131lanan her bir model veya ili\u015fki i\u00e7in (\u00f6rne\u011fin, bir de\u011fi\u015fken artarken di\u011feri azal\u0131rken) yaz\u0131l\u0131m, olas\u0131l\u0131k de\u011feri veya p de\u011feri olarak bilinen \u015feyi hesaplar.<\/p>\n<p>P de\u011ferleri 0 ile 1 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bir p de\u011feri belirli bir e\u015fi\u011fin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ferse ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcy\u00fc veya ili\u015fkiyi istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 kabul eder. E\u011fer p de\u011feri s\u0131n\u0131r de\u011ferden b\u00fcy\u00fckse, bu model veya ili\u015fki istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck p de\u011ferleri umarlar.<\/p>\n<p>Genel olarak konu\u015fursak 0,05&#8217;ten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck p de\u011ferleri istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/p>\n<p>Washington DC&#8217;deki Gallaudet \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde istatistik profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan bilim yazar\u0131\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reginanuzzo.com\/\">Regina Nuzzo ,\u00a0<\/a><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/about-nih\/what-we-do\/science-health-public-trust\/perspectives\/science-health-public-trust\/tips-communicating-statistical-significance\">Tips for Communicating Statistical Significance<\/a> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bilgi notunda \u201cP-de\u011ferleri, istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bek\u00e7ileridir\u201d diye yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAk\u0131lda tutulmas\u0131 gereken en \u00f6nemli \u015fey nedir? <span class=\"goog-text-highlight\">Herhangi bir konuda nihai bir cevap vermek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 veri sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 konusunda bizi uyarmak i\u00e7in p-de\u011ferlerini kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 belirtiyor.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Gazeteciler, p de\u011ferlerinin hipotezin do\u011fru olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamal\u0131. P-de\u011ferleri ayr\u0131ca incelenen verilerdeki ili\u015fkilerin \u015fans eseri olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmaz. <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amstat.org\/asa\/files\/pdfs\/p-valuestatement.pdf\">Amerikan \u0130statistik Kurumu , \u0130statistiksel \u00d6nem ve P-De\u011ferleri \u00dczerine Bildirisinde<\/a> bu ve di\u011fer hatalar\u0131n tekrarlanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 uyard\u0131.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"\">Ve p de\u011ferleri manip\u00fcle edilebilir.\u00a0<\/span>Hindistan Ulusal Ruh Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Sinirbilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc&#8217;nde k\u0131demli bir profes\u00f6r olan psikiyatrist\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/jcp\/about-dr-andrade\/\">Chittaranjan Andrade<\/a> , bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 elde edilene kadar verileri farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde \u0131srarla analiz etti\u011fi bir manip\u00fclasyon \u015fekli <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/website?sl=en&amp;tl=tr&amp;hl=en&amp;client=webapp&amp;u=https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4359000\/\">p-<\/a> hack&#8217;tir. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry&#8217;deki <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.psychiatrist.com\/jcp\/assessment\/harking-cherry-picking-p-hacking-fishing-expeditions-and-data-dredging-and-mining-as-questionable-research-practices\/\">\u00a02021 makalesinde .<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00d6nemli bir sonu\u00e7 elde edildi\u011finde veya ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7enekleri t\u00fckendi\u011finde analizin durdu\u011funu ekledi.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"\">P-hacking \u015funlar\u0131 i\u00e7erir:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verileri incelemek i\u00e7in bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 veya deneyi durdurmak ve daha sonra daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 toplamaya karar vermek.<\/li>\n<li>Bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma veya deney tamamland\u0131ktan sonra sonucu de\u011fi\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla veri toplamak.<\/li>\n<li>Ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011ferleri dahil edip etmeme gibi hesaplamalar\u0131 etkileyebilecek kararlar\u0131, veriler analiz edildikten sonraya ertelemek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyadan bir \u00f6rnek olarak, Amerikan \u0130la\u00e7 Derne\u011fi&#8217;nin amiral gemisi dergisi JAMA&#8217;dan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra emekli oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klayan Cornell \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brianwansink.com\/\">Brian Wansink&#8217;in<\/a>\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda bulunan sorunlar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok haber kayna\u011f\u0131 bildirdi ve iki ba\u011fl\u0131 dergi\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/media.jamanetwork.com\/news-item\/jama-network-retracts-6-articles-that-included-dr-brian-wansink-as-author\/\">, makalelerinden alt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00e7ekti<\/a> ( 2018)<\/p>\n<p>BuzzFeed News&#8217;de bir bilim muhabiri olan\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/author\/stephaniemlee\">Stephanie Lee<\/a> , Wansink ve Cornell Food and Brand Lab&#8217;deki i\u015f birlik\u00e7ileri aras\u0131ndaki <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/stephaniemlee\/brian-wansink-cornell-p-hacking\">e-postalar\u0131 anlatt\u0131<\/a> ve &#8220;etkileyici g\u00f6r\u00fcnen sonu\u00e7lar i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde\u00a0 veri setleri hakk\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve hatta \u015faka yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131&#8221; g\u00f6sterdi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, \u0130statistiksel Olarak Anlaml\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar \u00dcretmek \u0130\u00e7in Yo\u011fun Bask\u0131yla Kar\u015f\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131ya<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar kariyerlerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ne s\u0131kl\u0131kta yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve onu yay\u0131nlayan akademik dergilerin prestijine g\u00f6re kurarlar.\u00a0Washington \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde psikoloji profes\u00f6r\u00fc olan\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/neurogrd\/people\/faculty\/ione-fine\/\">Ione Fine<\/a>\u00a0ve orada doktora \u00f6\u011frencisi olan\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/profiles\/alicia-shen-450352\">Alicia Shen ,\u00a0<\/a><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/perish-not-publish-new-study-quantifies-the-lack-of-female-authors-in-scientific-journals-92999\">Mart 2018&#8217;de<\/a>\u00a0The Conversation&#8217;daki bir makalesinde,\u00a0\u201c&#8217;Yay\u0131nla ya da yok ol&#8217; her akademisyenin zihnine kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d diye yazd\u0131.\u00a0&#8220;Be\u011fen ya da nefret edin, y\u00fcksek profilli dergilerde yay\u0131n yapmak, \u00fcnl\u00fc meslekta\u015flar\u0131 ve c\u00f6mert kaynaklar\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00f6d\u00fclleri ve bol hibe fonu ile prestijli \u00fcniversitelerdeki pozisyonlara h\u0131zl\u0131 bir yoldur.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Akademik dergiler genellikle istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara sahip ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara \u00f6ncelik verdi\u011finden, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 genellikle bu y\u00f6nde odaklarlar.\u00a0<span class=\"\">Birden fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, dergilerin istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 bulgular i\u00e7eren makaleler yay\u0131nlama olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"\">\u00d6rne\u011fin <\/span><span class=\"\">2014&#8217;te\u00a0<\/span><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/translate.google.com\/website?sl=en&amp;tl=tr&amp;hl=en&amp;client=webapp&amp;u=https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1126\/science.1255484?casa_token%3DJaOvQoN0SxUAAAAA:HuYRUWJEh4g8RTUDMMfwNTFXizXVWw43cXhZakBNqAvgrQI8D460-fgsp5eBZ7qcpZ7vmnKM4kQOdQo\"><span class=\"\">Science&#8217;da yay\u0131nlanan bir makale<\/span><\/a><span class=\"\"> , &#8220;Bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile yay\u0131nlan\u0131p yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ili\u015fki&#8221; buldu. <\/span>\u0130ncelenen 221 makalenin yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131 yay\u0131nland\u0131.\u00a0\u0130statistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olmayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sadece %20&#8217;si yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Yazarlar, istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 bulgular\u0131 olmayan \u00e7o\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmedi\u011fini bile \u00f6\u011frendiler \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bazen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin ederek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/drbrocktagon.com\/\">Bilim yazar\u0131 Jon Brock<\/a>\u00a0, Nature Index i\u00e7in\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natureindex.com\/news-blog\/top-tips-for-dealing-with-non-significant-null-results\">2019 tarihli bir makalesinde<\/a> , \u201cAra\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda genellikle tam olarak bu bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k olarak kabul edilir\u201d diye yazd\u0131. <span class=\"\">&#8220;\u00d6nemli olmayan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n bilimsel dergilerde yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 zordur ve sonu\u00e7 olarak ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar genellikle bunlar\u0131 yay\u0131nlanmak \u00fczere g\u00f6ndermemeyi tercih eder.&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0<strong>Pek \u00c7ok Ki\u015fi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Bile Bilim \u0130nsan\u0131 Olmayanlara \u0130statistiksel Anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131klarken Hatalar Yap\u0131yor<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kanada&#8217;daki Guelph \u00dcniversitesi&#8217;nde psikoloji do\u00e7enti olan\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uoguelph.ca\/psychology\/users\/jeffrey-spence\">Jeffrey Spence<\/a>\u00a0ve\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uoguelph.ca\/psychology\/users\/david-stanley\">David Stanley ,\u00a0<\/a><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02185\/full\">Frontiers in Psychology dergisinde<\/a> , &#8220;Bir\u00e7ok teknik \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle \u00f6nem testi do\u011fal olarak kamu t\u00fcketimine haz\u0131r de\u011fildir,&#8221; diye yazd\u0131 . &#8220;\u0130statistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ona g\u00fcvenen ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131kl\u0131kla yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yanl\u0131\u015f yorumland\u0131\u011f\u0131 iyi bir \u015fekilde belgelendi\u011finden, teknik olarak do\u011fru tan\u0131mlar\u0131 uygun \u015fekilde anlamak, e\u011fitimli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar i\u00e7in bile zordur.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Spence ve Stanley, gazetecilerin dikkat etmesi ve ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00fc\u00e7 yayg\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f yoruma dikkat \u00e7ekti. \u0130statistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k \u015fu anlama gelmez:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Sonucun \u015fans eseri olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Bo\u015f hipotezin do\u011fru olma ihtimali %5&#8217;ten az.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Bir \u00e7o\u011faltmada ayn\u0131 sonucu bulma \u015fans\u0131 %95.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Spence ve Stanley, istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in iki \u00f6neri sunar. Her ikisi de k\u0131sa olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bir\u00e7ok gazeteci (veya edit\u00f6rler) bunlar\u0131 haberlerde kullanmak i\u00e7in fazla belirsiz olarak g\u00f6rebilir.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00fcm \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 anlaml\u0131ysa Spence ve Stanley \u015funlar\u0131 yazmay\u0131 \u00f6neriyor:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131yd\u0131 (ger\u00e7ek etkilerin s\u0131f\u0131r olmayabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steren).<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131yd\u0131 (bu, ger\u00e7ek etkilerin s\u0131f\u0131r oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphelenmek i\u00e7in bir neden oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor).&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>5.\u00a0<strong>Akademisyenler Uzun S\u00fcredir \u0130statistiksel Anlaml\u0131l\u0131k Etkisini Nas\u0131l Yeniden D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcneceklerini Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bilim insanlar\u0131 on y\u0131llard\u0131r istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k belirleme ve raporlama ile ilgili sorunlar hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lar yazd\u0131lar. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda akademik dergi Nature istatistiksel modellemeye dayanan alanlardan 800&#8217;den fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ve di\u011fer profesyoneller taraf\u0131ndan imzalanan ve &#8220;t\u00fcm istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k kavram\u0131n\u0131n terk edilmesi&#8221; \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-019-00857-9#ref-CR3\">bir mektup yay\u0131nlad\u0131 .<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l,\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amstat.org\/\">American Statistical Association&#8217;\u0131n<\/a>\u00a0bir dergisi olan The American Statistician,\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/toc\/utas20\/73\/sup1\">Statistical Inference in the 21st Century: A World Beyond p &lt; 0.05&#8217;i<\/a> yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Bu konuya ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 43 makaleyi i\u00e7eren \u00f6zel bir bask\u0131. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu, istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 test etmek i\u00e7in p de\u011ferleri ve belirlenmi\u015f e\u015fiklerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na alternatifler \u00f6nerir.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dc\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 konunun <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/00031305.2019.1583913\">\u00f6n sayfas\u0131nda<\/a> yer alan bir ba\u015fyaz\u0131da, &#8220;Bu yolda ilerlerken, daha az yanl\u0131\u015f alarm, daha az g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7an ke\u015fif ve daha \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f istatistiksel stratejilerin geli\u015ftirilmesini g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131z&#8221; diye yazd\u0131. \u201cAra\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n p-de\u011ferleri ile de\u011fil, bilimlerinin kalitesi ve etkili ileti\u015fimi ile yarg\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilerek t\u00fcm muhte\u015fem belirsizlikleri i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm bulgular\u0131n\u0131 iletmekte \u00f6zg\u00fcr olacaklar.<\/p>\n<p>Stanford T\u0131p profes\u00f6r\u00fc ve Amerikan Doktorlar Derne\u011fi ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/med.stanford.edu\/profiles\/john-ioannidis\">John Ioannidis<\/a> s\u00fcrecin sona erdirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/Users\/dordway\/Downloads\/jama_ioannidis_2019_vp_190056.pdf\">JAMA&#8217;da yay\u0131nlanan 2019 tarihli bir mektupta<\/a> , P de\u011ferleri ve istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k, do\u011fru kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve yorumland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferli bilgiler sa\u011flayabilir. \u0130yile\u015ftirmelerin gerekli oldu\u011funu kabul ediyor \u00f6rne\u011fin anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7mek i\u00e7in daha iyi ve &#8220;daha az oynanabilir filtreler&#8221;.\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca, \u201cbilimsel i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn istatistiksel say\u0131sall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini\u201d belirtiyor.<\/p>\n<p>Virginia Tech&#8217;den\u00a0Profes\u00f6r\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/liberalarts.vt.edu\/departments-and-schools\/department-of-philosophy\/faculty\/deborah-mayo.html\">Deborah Mayo<\/a> ve Imperial College London&#8217;dan\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.imperial.ac.uk\/people\/d.j.hand\">David Hand<\/a> , &#8220;istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek, b\u0131rakmak veya emekliye ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in son \u00f6nerilerin bilimde istatisti\u011fin merkezi bir i\u015flevini baltalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131&#8221; \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bunun yerine, May\u0131s 2022&#8217;deki makalelerinde, <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11229-022-03692-0\">\u0130statistiksel Anlaml\u0131l\u0131k ve Ele\u015ftirileri: Zarar Veren Bilimi Uygulamak m\u0131, yoksa Bilimsel Uygulamaya Zarar Vermek mi?<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Bir aletin yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131labilmesi, o aleti elden \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in yeterli bir gerek\u00e7e de\u011fil&#8221; diye yazd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n<p><em>Bu\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journalistsresource.org\/\">g\u00f6nderi ilk olarak\u00a0<\/a><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/journalistsresource.org\/\">The Journalist&#8217;s Resource<\/a>\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nland\u0131\u00a0ve burada\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\">Creative Commons lisans\u0131<\/a>\u00a0ile yeniden bas\u0131ld\u0131 .\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ek kaynaklar<\/p>\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><em><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.verigazeteciligi.com\/verileri-yorumlama-rakamlari-nasil-okuyacaginizi-bildiginizden-emin-olmak-icin-ipuclari\/\">Verileri Yorumlama: Rakamlar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Okuyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 Bildi\u011finizden Emin Olmak \u0130\u00e7in \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"entry-title\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/2021\/12\/17\/top-10-data-journalism-2021\/\">GIJN&#8217;nin 2021&#8217;in En \u0130yi 10 Veri Gazetecili\u011fi Projesi<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/stories\/data-journalism\/\">GIJN&#8217;nin Veri Gazetecili\u011fi Kaynaklar\u0131 K\u0131lavuzu<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-509778 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Ordway.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"143\" height=\"143\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Ordway.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Ordway-140x140.jpeg 140w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Ordway-60x60.jpeg 60w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 143px) 100vw, 143px\" \/><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/deniseordway?lang=en\">Denise-Marie Ordway<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0, ABD ve Orta Amerika&#8217;da gazete ve radyo istasyonlar\u0131nda muhabir olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 The Journalist&#8217;s Resource&#8217;un y\u00f6netici edit\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u00a0\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 USA TODAY, The New York Times ve The Washington Post&#8217;ta yay\u0131nland\u0131.\u00a02013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pulitzer \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc finalisti ve 2014-15 Harvard Nieman \u00dcyesi oldu.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bu \u00f6neler yaz\u0131s\u0131 gazetecilerin akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda istatistiksel anlaml\u0131l\u0131k ile ilgili en yayg\u0131n hatalardan baz\u0131lar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3031167,"featured_media":1142847,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"republication-tracker-tool-hide-widget":false,"footnotes":"","_tec_slr_enabled":"","_tec_slr_layout":""},"categories":[23206],"tags":[26793,19779,26707,26794,19690],"gijn_topic":[18933,18925],"series":[],"gijn_language":[17789],"gijn_region":[],"class_list":["post-553241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hikayeler","tag-akademik-gazetecilik-tr","tag-araclar-ve-teknikler-tr","tag-istatistik-tr","tag-istatistiksel-anlamlilik-seviyesi-tr","tag-veri-gazeteciligi-tr","gijn_topic-arastirma-ipuclari-ve-araclar","gijn_topic-veri-gazeteciligi","gijn_language-tr-tr"],"acf":[],"ticketed":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/553241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3031167"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=553241"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/553241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2369331,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/553241\/revisions\/2369331"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1142847"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=553241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=553241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=553241"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_topic?post=553241"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=553241"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_language?post=553241"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_region?post=553241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}