{"id":1301223,"date":"2021-07-20T05:42:02","date_gmt":"2021-07-20T09:42:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/?p=1301223"},"modified":"2024-01-30T05:43:44","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T10:43:44","slug":"bir-muhabirin-rehberi-organize-suclarin-finansmani-nasil-arastirilir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/hikayeler\/bir-muhabirin-rehberi-organize-suclarin-finansmani-nasil-arastirilir\/","title":{"rendered":"Bir Muhabirin Rehberi: Organize Su\u00e7lar\u0131n Finansman\u0131 Nas\u0131l Ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

Edit\u00f6r\u00fcn Notu: \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki birka\u00e7 hafta boyunca, GIJN, Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenecek \u00a0K\u00fcresel Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Gazetecilik Konferans\u0131’nda<\/a>\u00a0 tamam\u0131na yer verece\u011fi “Muhabirler \u0130\u00e7in Organize Su\u00e7lar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Rehberi’ nin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini yay\u0131nl\u0131yor\u00a0. Kara para aklamaya odaklanan bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm,\u00a0Organize Su\u00e7 ve Yolsuzluk Raporlama Projesi’nin kurucu orta\u011f\u0131\u00a0Paul\u00a0Radu<\/a>\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u00a0. <\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Son yirmi y\u0131lda ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m su\u00e7lular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi giri\u015fimcilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 olabilirlerdi.\u00a0Neredeyse t\u00fcm becerilere sahiplerdi yani becerikli, yarat\u0131c\u0131, h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, motivasyon sahibi, a\u011f olu\u015fturma ve liderlik etme yetene\u011fi olan ve riske kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc insanlard\u0131. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu me\u015fru i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Elon Musk’lar\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 seviyede olabilirdi ama bunun yerine su\u00e7u se\u00e7tiler ve yetenekleri onlar\u0131 gezegendeki en tehlikeli ve zehirli insanlardan biri haline getirdi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar ve i\u015f planlar\u0131 basit: \u201cdaha \u200b\u200bfazla kurban, daha fazla para.\u201d \u00a0Ve \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fcst d\u00fczey su\u00e7lunun k\u0131tasal ve hatta k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte cezas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde faaliyet g\u00f6stermesi, hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Hukuki yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n genellikle ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve ulusal \u00e7\u0131karlarla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle do\u011fal d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerlerde oluyorlar. Su\u00e7lular\u0131n i\u015flerini nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 hatalar\u0131 belirlemek, \u00fcst d\u00fczey organize su\u00e7 ve yolsuzlu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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Birinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Nas\u0131l \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r?<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
Su\u00e7un Mali Planlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ulus\u00f6tesi su\u00e7 te\u015febb\u00fcslerinden kaynaklanan komplikasyonlar nedeniyle, organize su\u00e7la m\u00fccadele \u00e7o\u011funlukla s\u0131n\u0131rlar aras\u0131nda a\u011f kurabilen ve kamu yarar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gazetecilere ve aktivistlere b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda. Ancak gezegendeki en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tehditlerden birini \u00fcstlenmeye istekli haber kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r ve genellikle kaynaklar yetersizdir. \u0130yi haber \u015fu ki, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazeteciler s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi i\u015f birliklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla birlikte su\u00e7un bir\u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan bir meta oldu\u011funu fark ettiler ve su\u00e7, tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 ve if\u015fa etmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran genel kal\u0131plar\u0131 takip ederek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. K\u0131sacas\u0131, bir su\u00e7 d\u00fczeni bir \u00fclkede veya bir b\u00f6lgede i\u015flerse yani i\u015fe yararsa, ayn\u0131 su\u00e7 modeli d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerlerine de ihra\u00e7 edilecektir. <\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 faaliyetleri etkili bir \u015fekilde ara\u015ft\u0131rmak ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 anlamal\u0131y\u0131z. \u00d6yleyse, \u00f6nce su\u00e7lular\u0131n paralar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmak, gizlemek ve yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 baz\u0131 temel ara\u00e7lardan bahsedelim. Ard\u0131ndan, ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, ara\u015ft\u0131rmak ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in kendimize ait en iyi ara\u00e7lara ve fikirlere bakaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Su\u00e7lulara ili\u015fkin olarak hem yeni ba\u015flayanlar hem de i\u015fin i\u00e7inde olanlar i\u00e7in Organize Su\u00e7 ve Yolsuzluk Raporlama Projesi’nde<\/a>\u00a0(OCCRP) \u201csu\u00e7lu\u201d olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z b\u00f6lgesel ve k\u00fcresel altyap\u0131s\u0131 mevcut . \u00a0Bu altyap\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da avukat, bankac\u0131, muhasebeci, \u015firket kurma arac\u0131s\u0131, bilgisayar korsan\u0131, itibar y\u00f6netimi \u015firketi ve su\u00e7u etkinle\u015ftirerek ve su\u00e7lular\u0131n haks\u0131z kazand\u0131klar\u0131 paray\u0131 yat\u0131rmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olarak para kazanan daha bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fiyi i\u00e7erir.\u00a0Peki para taraf\u0131nda bir su\u00e7un ana unsurlar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

A\u00e7\u0131k Deniz Tipi \u015eirketler<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Offshore finans end\u00fcstrisi ve su\u00e7lular\u0131n gizlice b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda para \u00e7almas\u0131na ve yetki alanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda hareket etmesine izin veren gizli \u015firketler hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u015fey yaz\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0Offshore Crime, Inc.<\/a>\u00a0,\u00a0Panama Papers<\/a>\u00a0ve di\u011ferleri\u00a0gibi projeler\u00a0bu yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 kara para aklama end\u00fcstrisini g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan\u00a0OCCRP’nin<\/a>\u00a0devam eden\u00a0OpenLux<\/a>\u00a0projesi\u00a0gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015f birlikleri L\u00fcksemburg gibi kara ile \u00e7evrili bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin ayn\u0131 \u015feyi ayn\u0131 seviyede sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hatta daha geleneksel olarak. Su\u00e7lular\u0131n i\u015flerini nas\u0131l yap\u0131land\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 veya yapmak zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 hatalar\u0131 belirlemek, \u00fcst d\u00fczey organize su\u00e7 ve yolsuzlu\u011fu ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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Proxy’ler<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Offshore \u015firketler y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri i\u015flemlerde gerekli gizlili\u011fi sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in organize su\u00e7un di\u011fer kimlikleriyle (vekalet edenleri yani) arkas\u0131na saklanmalar\u0131 gerekir. OCCRP’deki ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00fc\u00e7 ana proxy t\u00fcr\u00fc belirledik: Habersiz, yar\u0131 fark\u0131nda ve tamamen su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131 proxy’ler.

Habersiz vekiller, kimlikleri \u00e7al\u0131nan (bazen internet servis sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bilgi h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoluyla) ve adlar\u0131n\u0131n bir \u015firket kurmak veya bir banka hesab\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberi olmayan ki\u015filer.\u00a0Yar\u0131 bilin\u00e7li vekiller, kimlik belgelerini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mebla\u011flar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 verirler, ancak adlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015flerin veya i\u015flemlerin ger\u00e7ek su\u00e7 kapsam\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda olmadan bunu yaparlar.\u00a0Ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131 vekiller, yatakl\u0131k ettikleri su\u00e7 planlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen fark\u0131ndad\u0131rlar ve k\u00e2r\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rlar.\u00a0Bir su\u00e7 d\u00fczeninde ne t\u00fcr bir vekil oldu\u011funu bilmek, onu if\u015fa etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 muhabir taraf\u0131ndan hangi ad\u0131mlar\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirleyebilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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Image: Jefferson Santos, Unsplash’ta<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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Bankalar<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Kripto para birimleri gibi finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki yenilik\u00e7i \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin son zamanlardaki y\u00fckseli\u015fine ra\u011fmen, bankalar d\u00fcnya finansal sistemlerinin kritik bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaya devam ediyor. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde yararlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan organize su\u00e7 gruplar\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fal hedeflerdir. Vekillerde oldu\u011fu gibi, baz\u0131 bankalar tamamen su\u00e7 orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r, baz\u0131lar\u0131 habersizdir ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir ve belki de hesaplar\u0131ndan akan su\u00e7 fonlar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmaya isteksizdir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bankac\u0131l\u0131k sistemi, say\u0131s\u0131z k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, orta ve b\u00fcy\u00fck banka ve bunlar\u0131n yan kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bankalar\u0131n k\u00fcresel finansal sisteme ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck bankalarda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen banka hesaplar\u0131 ad\u0131 verilen ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda banka havalelerine eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan hesaplar a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131nda kat\u0131labileceklerini belirtmek \u00f6nemlidir. Tamamen veya k\u0131smen su\u00e7lular taraf\u0131ndan sahip olunan ve i\u015fletilen bir\u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve hatta orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bankay\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131k, ancak onlar hala b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda kirli para g\u00f6ndermek ve almak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bankalar\u0131na g\u00fcveniyorlar. Ak\u0131ll\u0131 su\u00e7lular uzun zaman \u00f6nce fark ettiler ki, t\u0131pk\u0131 kolluk kuvvetlerinin yarg\u0131sal k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar nedeniyle s\u0131k s\u0131k t\u00f6kezlemesi gibi, bankalar aras\u0131nda da i\u015f birli\u011fi eksik ve finansal uyum sistemleri, bireysel veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toplu \u015f\u00fcpheli i\u015flemleri belirlemeye y\u00f6nelik oluyor ancak. FinCENFiles<\/a>\u00a0, bankalar\u0131n y\u00fcksek hacimli kara para aklamay\u0131 nas\u0131l tespit\u00a0edemedi\u011fini\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya\u00a0koydu\u00a0.\u00a0Su\u00e7lular \u00e7ok say\u0131da banka ve banka hesab\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda paray\u0131 b\u00f6lerek bunu kendi lehlerine kulland\u0131lar, b\u00f6ylece hi\u00e7bir banka devasa, kara para aklama operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n net bir resmini elde edemedi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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Sahte S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ve Faturalar<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Su\u00e7lular, yayg\u0131n kara para aklama planlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamak i\u00e7in sahte evraklar\u0131, sahte s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ve bankac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flemine ili\u015ftirilmi\u015f faturalar\u0131 gerek\u00e7e olarak kullan\u0131rlar. Bu hayali faturalar, ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde diyelim ki ki\u015fisel bilgisayarlardan olu\u015fan bir kargonun, deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015firket A’dan deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015firket B’ye sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgeliyor. Ama asl\u0131nda para banka hesaplar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dola\u015f\u0131rken bile ger\u00e7ek bir ticaret ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. Bu yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamaya ticarete dayal\u0131 kara para aklama denir ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bu t\u00fcr mali su\u00e7lar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir. Bir bankac\u0131l\u0131k uyum g\u00f6revlisinin bir finansal i\u015flemle ili\u015fkili her nakliye konteynerinin i\u00e7eri\u011fini kontrol etmesi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a imkans\u0131zd\u0131r bu sebeple de organize su\u00e7 buna g\u00fcvenir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Di\u011fer durumlarda, bankac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flemlerine ili\u015ftirilen sahte evraklar, hayali kredileri ve hizmetleri ayn\u0131 sonu\u00e7larla onaylanm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Etkili kara para aklaman\u0131n s\u0131rr\u0131, bu d\u00f6rt bile\u015feni su\u00e7 gruplar\u0131na ve yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f politikac\u0131lara eksiksiz bir paket olarak sunmakt\u0131r.\u00a0Asl\u0131nda, su\u00e7 hizmetleri end\u00fcstrisi, \u015firketlerin, banka hesaplar\u0131n\u0131n, vekillerin ve sahte faturalar\u0131n bankac\u0131l\u0131k d\u00fczenleyicilerinin veya kanun uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n incelemesini tetiklemeden nas\u0131l da\u011f\u0131t\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair talimatlar seti olan doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131 bile yay\u0131nlar.\u00a0Bu, Letonya’daki bir banka taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131t\u0131lan ve\u00a0OCCRP taraf\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan<\/a>\u00a0 kara para aklama k\u0131lavuzlar\u0131ndan birinin\u00a0m\u00fc\u015fterilere yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye\u00a0etti\u011fi\u00a0\u015feye bir \u00f6rnektir\u00a0:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmede veya faturada belirtilen teslimat ko\u015fullar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olmal\u0131d\u0131r: Mallar\u0131 belirlerken nas\u0131l ‘sevk edilece\u011fini’ d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeniz gerekir (kargonun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, hacimleri, \u00fcretim tesisinin adresi, nakliye t\u00fcr\u00fc: karayolu, demiryolu veya gemi.) \u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck hacimli veya ebatl\u0131 mallar\u0131n ‘nakliyesi’ durumunda, l\u00fctfen demiryolu veya limana yak\u0131n bir fabrika belirtin.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

OCCRP’de biz bu anahtar teslimi kara para aklama sistemlerini “\u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhaneler” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yoruz.\u00a0\u00c7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 finansal ara\u00e7lar gibi davran\u0131rlar ve genellikle bir banka veya ba\u015fka bir finansal hizmet \u015firketi taraf\u0131ndan, m\u00fc\u015fterilerin su\u00e7 gelirlerini aklamalar\u0131na, varl\u0131klar\u0131n sahipli\u011fini gizlemelerine, \u015firketlerden fonlar\u0131 zimmete ge\u00e7irmelerine, vergilerden ve para birimi k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak amac\u0131yla kurulurlar veya paray\u0131 deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in.\u00a0OCCRP, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0\u201cRus \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi\u201d<\/a>\u00a0soru\u015fturmas\u0131yla bu terimi t\u00fcretti\u00a0.<\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhane, kullan\u0131c\u0131lara \u0130nternet’te tam bir anonimlik sa\u011flayan TOR a\u011f taray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n finansal d\u00fcnyadaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhaneler, insanlar\u0131n aklanan paray\u0131 farkl\u0131 bankalar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na izin verir, b\u00f6ylece TOR’da oldu\u011fu gibi, gizlilik korunur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hi\u00e7bir kurum neler olup bitti\u011fine dair tam bir resme sahip de\u011fildir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhaneler, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131na da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ancak asl\u0131nda tek bir taraf taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen \u015firketlerden olu\u015fur genellikle bankalar. Aklama s\u00fcreci, bir m\u00fc\u015fteri, genellikle bir mal\u0131n veya hizmetin sat\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren sahte evraklar kullanarak a\u011fdaki bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcme para g\u00f6nderdi\u011finde ba\u015flar. Oradan daha fazla sahte evrakla birlikte para di\u011fer d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Sonunda, para bir deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015firkete veya m\u00fc\u015fteri taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen ba\u015fka bir yere g\u00f6nderilir (\u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhane operat\u00f6rleri i\u00e7in bir komisyon eksi). Paran\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti ve kayna\u011f\u0131, ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc say\u0131da i\u015flemde kaybolur ve bu da, kolluk kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan bile neredeyse izlenemez hale gelir. (Bunun nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha fazla bilgi i\u00e7in OCCRP’nin\u00a0\u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhane SSS b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne bak\u0131n<\/a>\u00a0.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanelerin\u00a0d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bankalar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n incelemesinden nas\u0131l ka\u00e7abilece\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fi\u00a0, bankan\u0131n k\u00fcresel finansal altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 manip\u00fcle eden Rus \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesini tespit etmedeki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131ran\u00a0s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Deutsche Bank belgesinde<\/a>\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortadayd\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"Deutsche<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

OCCRP’ye s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lan Deutsche Bank’\u0131n dahili slayt\u0131, bankan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Rus kara para aklama plan\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda olmadan nas\u0131l bir ortak oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor.\u00a0Resim: Ekran g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Organize su\u00e7un d\u00fcnyan\u0131n finansal sistemlerini nas\u0131l manip\u00fcle etti\u011fine dair bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnek var. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeden \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6rnek olsa da, model kendini tekrar ediyor ve yukar\u0131daki Rus \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi komplosunun \u00f6\u011felerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc veya daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir alt k\u00fcmesini i\u00e7eriyor.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Azerbaycan \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi ve \u0130ran’\u0131n Yapt\u0131r\u0131m Kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ‘Ekonomik Cihad’<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Azerbaycan \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi \u00f6ncelikle Bak\u00fc, Azerbaycan’daki elitlerin Avrupal\u0131 \u200b\u200bpolitikac\u0131lara r\u00fc\u015fvet vermesine ve y\u00fcz milyonlar\u0131 \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7ekmesine izin verdi.\u00a0Ancak OCCRP, bu kara para aklama makinesinin, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan’a \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir \u0130ranl\u0131-T\u00fcrk su\u00e7lusu olan Reza Zarrab liderli\u011findeki organize bir su\u00e7 grubunun yard\u0131m\u0131yla ABD ve Avrupa yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 atlatmak i\u00e7in \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti.\u00a0Zarrab taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen kara para aklama, yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralanan t\u00fcm klasik unsurlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu ve T\u00fcrkiye, ABD ve \u0130ran aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir jeopolitik skandala d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve organize su\u00e7un huzursuzluk zamanlar\u0131nda nas\u0131l geli\u015fti\u011fini ve siyasi b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelerden nas\u0131l yararlanabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Troyka \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Troyka \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi, Rus oligarklar\u0131n\u0131n ve en y\u00fcksek g\u00fc\u00e7 kademelerindeki politikac\u0131lar\u0131n, haks\u0131z kazand\u0131klar\u0131 milyonlar\u0131 gizlice yat\u0131rmalar\u0131na, vergilerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmalar\u0131na, devlete ait \u015firketlerde hisse sat\u0131n almalar\u0131na, Rusya’da ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda gayrimenkul sat\u0131n almalar\u0131na ve daha pek \u00e7ok \u015feye izin veren karma\u015f\u0131k bir finansal sistemden olu\u015fuyordu. Troika \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi, bu i\u015flemlerin arkas\u0131ndaki ki\u015fileri gizlemek i\u00e7in tasarland\u0131 ve OCCRP ve ortaklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan dikkatli veri analizi ve kapsaml\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda ke\u015ffedildi. Soru\u015fturma, 238.000 \u015firketten yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,3 milyon s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u015flem olan en b\u00fcy\u00fck bankac\u0131l\u0131k bilgi yay\u0131nlar\u0131ndan birini i\u00e7eriyordu. Plan\u0131n bir video a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in\u00a0buray\u0131 t\u0131klay\u0131n<\/a>\u00a0.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Troika Laundromat if\u015fas\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kuru bankac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flemi \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan veri \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan do\u011fdu. Daha sonra Troyka \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015feyden kaynaklanan i\u015flemleri belirlemek ve izole etmek i\u00e7in kal\u0131plar aramam\u0131z gerekiyordu. D\u00fczenleyenin kim oldu\u011funu ve sistemin kullan\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n kim oldu\u011funu belirlemek i\u00e7in hatalar\u0131, k\u00f6t\u00fc ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 aramam\u0131z gerekiyordu. Dikkatli veri analizi sayesinde sonunda, bunu bir araya getiren bankac\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir hata yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendik: kendileri olan d\u00fczinelerce deniza\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015firket kurmak i\u00e7in olu\u015fum acentelerine \u00f6deme yapmak i\u00e7in sadece \u00fc\u00e7 paravan \u015firketi s\u00fcrekli olarak yeniden kulland\u0131lar. Milyarlarca dolarl\u0131k i\u015flemlerle u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yorlar. Her biri yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczlerce dolar olan bu \u00f6demeler, elbette milyonlarca \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015flem denizinde kayboldu. Bu y\u00fczden onlar\u0131 bulmam\u0131z ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kal\u0131b\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in geriye do\u011fru izlememiz gerekiyordu. T\u00fcm Troika \u00c7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesi, bu ortak noktay\u0131 belirledikten sonra odak haline geldi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Riviera Maya \u00c7etesi<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Riviera Maya \u00c7etesi (RMG) ac\u0131mas\u0131z ve \u015fiddetli bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi \u00f6rg\u00fctt\u00fc ve bu dava, organize su\u00e7un nas\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp farkl\u0131 i\u015f alanlar\u0131na yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u00f6rne\u011fini sunuyor.\u00a0Bu olaydaki haydutlar, Avrupa’da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ba\u015flad\u0131lar. ATM’lere yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 cihazlar veya yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar yerle\u015ftirerek banka ve kredi kart\u0131 numaralar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131lar \u00f6rne\u011fin.\u00a0K\u0131talar\u0131 a\u015farak, daha sonra bir Meksika bankas\u0131yla ortakl\u0131k kurdular ve Meksika’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Cancun ve Tulum aras\u0131ndaki turistik b\u00f6lge olan Riviera Maya’ya 100’den fazla ATM kurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar ve y\u0131lda 200 milyon dolardan fazla su\u00e7 kazanc\u0131 elde ettiler.\u00a0RMG sahte belgeleri, sahte kimlikleri ve vekilleri yaln\u0131zca i\u015flerini kurmak i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda insanlar\u0131 Meksika’dan ABD’ye ka\u00e7\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 altyap\u0131y\u0131 kullan\u0131rken adaletten ka\u00e7anlara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131lar. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 muhabirler, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve organize su\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndaki kara para aklaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in m\u00fclk kay\u0131tlar\u0131na odaklanmalar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm: Nas\u0131l \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr? \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Ara\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, organize su\u00e7 gruplar\u0131 paralar\u0131n\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131rken, saklarken ve yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparken olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k olabilirler.\u00a0Ancak kontrol edemeyecekleri tek \u015fey zamand\u0131r.\u00a0Ve her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmetler \u015feffafl\u0131k, \u015firket m\u00fclkiyeti ve m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131nda daha fazla kural uygularken, gazeteciler, aktivistler ve di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar daha fazla ulus\u00f6tesi habercilik deneyimi kazan\u0131yor.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve Mahkeme Kay\u0131tlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Banka kay\u0131tlar\u0131na eri\u015fim, organize su\u00e7 finansman\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131rken Kutsal Kase’dir, ancak banka kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek zordur \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar gizli, \u00f6zel belgelerdir. Muhabirler, kay\u0131tlar\u0131 teslim etmek i\u00e7in bankalar\u0131n ve mali d\u00fczenleyicilerin i\u00e7indeki s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lara ve bilgi u\u00e7uranlara her zaman g\u00fcvenemezler. Ancak bankac\u0131l\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 alman\u0131n ba\u015fka bir yolu daha var. Bu t\u00fcr belgeler genellikle organize su\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131 ceza mahkemelerinde ve hatta ticari, hukuk davalar\u0131nda ili\u015ftirilir. Her \u015fey yarg\u0131 yetkisine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve ABD,\u00a0Mahkeme Elektronik Kay\u0131tlar\u0131na Kamu Eri\u015fimi<\/a>\u00a0(PACER) hizmetinde\u00a0kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k hale gelen k\u00fcresel bankac\u0131l\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcretken bir kaynakt\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, OCCRP, PACER’\u0131 kontrol ederek ve s\u00f6z konusu \u00fclkenin Azerbaycan \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhanesinin patronu Reza Zarrab’a dava a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ABD mahkemelerine bilgi edinme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taleplerini sunarak y\u00fcz binlerce bankac\u0131l\u0131k kayd\u0131 elde etti. Daha \u00f6nce, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka yerlerindeki mahkemelerden de benzer kay\u0131tlar alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Bu bankac\u0131l\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131 genellikle kolluk kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan toplu olarak celp edilir ve bunlar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irebilecek ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazeteciler i\u00e7in bir nimettir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

FinCENFiles soru\u015fturmas\u0131nda elde edilenler gibi finansal kurumlardan s\u0131zd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015f\u00fcpheli faaliyet raporlar\u0131 (SAR), bankac\u0131l\u0131k gizlili\u011fi d\u00fcnyas\u0131na bir bak\u0131\u015f sunabilir. S\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar yaln\u0131zca nitelik ve nicelik olarak b\u00fcy\u00fcyecek ve mahkeme kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ile birlikte kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazeteciler ve hizmet ettikleri halk i\u00e7in son derece de\u011ferli olabilirler.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Mahkeme kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle iki su\u00e7 taraf\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ticari davalar, bo\u015fanma davalar\u0131 gibi su\u00e7lular\u0131n kirli k\u0131yafetlerini kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k hale getirmesi nedeniyle m\u00fcfetti\u015fler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

M\u00fclk Kay\u0131tlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Su\u00e7lular bir \u015feylere sahip olmay\u0131 severler ve l\u00fcks araba, saat veya di\u011fer l\u00fcks e\u015fyalar bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir zorunluluk olsa da, organize su\u00e7lar\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z kazan\u00e7lar genellikle l\u00fcks malikaneler gibi gayrimenkullere ya da geni\u015f tar\u0131m arazilerine yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Orman arazileri.\u00a0Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 muhabirler, yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve organize su\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndaki kara para aklaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fini \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in m\u00fclk kay\u0131tlar\u0131na odaklanmay\u0131 art\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u00a0\u00c7o\u011fu \u00fclkede, m\u00fclk belgeleri kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k kay\u0131tlard\u0131r ve mevcut sahibi, \u00f6nceki sahiplerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sat\u0131n alma fiyat\u0131 ve vergiler gibi baz\u0131 finansal ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u015eirket Kay\u0131tlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u015eirketlerin ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 sicilleri, sadece hissedarlar ve y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyeleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi sa\u011flamakla kalmaz, \u00e7o\u011fu durumda bir \u015firketin finansal verilerini de i\u00e7erir. Nadir durumlarda, bu kay\u0131tlar ayr\u0131ca bankac\u0131l\u0131k i\u015flemlerini, m\u00fclk kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ve hatta hissedar olabilecek offshore tipi \u015firketler hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgileri veya intifa hakk\u0131 bilgilerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman, \u015firketlerin yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 fonlar\u0131n\u0131 yat\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 yerlerdeki \u015firketlerin veya m\u00fclklerin kay\u0131tlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla intifa hakk\u0131 sahibi hakk\u0131nda bilgi ediniriz. Ayr\u0131ca, t\u00fcm bilgilerin veritabanlar\u0131nda dijitalle\u015ftirilmedi\u011fini ve dizine eklenmedi\u011fini unutmay\u0131n; bu nedenle, kay\u0131t defterine yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z bir gezi veya telefon g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi, \u00e7evrim i\u00e7i olarak mevcut olandan \u00e7ok daha fazla veriye eri\u015fmenizi sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00dcst d\u00fczey kara para aklaman\u0131n if\u015fa edilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir a\u015fama, bankalar\u0131n intifa hakk\u0131n\u0131n if\u015fa edilmesidir. Bankalara herhangi bir ticari \u015firket gibi davran\u0131n ve onlara kimin sahip oldu\u011funu bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131n. Bu, \u00f6zellikle yeni kurulan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bankalar s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130thalat-\u0130hracat Veritabanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130thalat-ihracat i\u015flemlerini takip\u00a0etmek\u00a0i\u00e7in\u00a0s\u0131kl\u0131kla ImportGenius<\/a>\u00a0veya\u00a0Panjiva<\/a>\u00a0gibi veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r\u0131z\u00a0.\u00a0Bunlar pahal\u0131 veritabanlar\u0131d\u0131r bir \u015firketin ImportGenius’tan bir y\u0131ll\u0131k ABD ithalat verilerini indirmek 199 ABD dolar\u0131na mal olur ancak ticarete dayal\u0131 kara para aklama ve bununla ilgili \u015firketleri belirlemede yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilirler.\u00a0 Bu veritabanlar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhanelerle ilgili \u015firketlerin ba\u015fka sahte ticari faaliyetlerde bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131k.\u00a0Not: Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkede, y\u0131ll\u0131k ithalat-ihracat i\u015flemleri, ulusal bilgi edinme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yasalar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flan\u0131rken,\u00a0Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Comtrade sitesi<\/a>\u00a0, ithalat-ihracat kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131mlanabilece\u011fi yararl\u0131 k\u00fcresel ticaret verileri sunar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Alef<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

OCCRP’de, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 habercilik i\u00e7in\u00a0Aleph<\/a>\u00a0adl\u0131 k\u00fcresel bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma materyali ar\u015fivi olu\u015fturduk\u00a0. Burada \u015firketler, m\u00fclkler, banka hesaplar\u0131, mahkeme davalar\u0131, s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok varl\u0131k hakk\u0131ndaki bilgileri endeksliyoruz. Ancak Aleph, gazetecilerin verileri anlamland\u0131rmas\u0131na ve kamu yarar\u0131na anlaml\u0131 bir soru\u015fturma ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in kritik olan su\u00e7 kal\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesine izin verdi\u011finden, endeksleme sadece bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7. Gazeteciler ayr\u0131ca Aleph i\u00e7inde ilgili ki\u015filerin izleme listelerini tutabilir ve sistemimiz s\u00fcrekli olarak listelerdeki isimleri sistemdeki di\u011fer verilerle e\u015fle\u015ftirecektir. Bu, i\u015f ak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 otomatikle\u015ftirir ve yeni ve faydal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazetecilik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ate\u015flenmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\"OCCRP<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

OCCRP, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazetecilerin kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aramas\u0131na olanak tan\u0131yan kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bir kaynak olan Aleph’i geli\u015ftirdi.\u00a0Resim: Ekran g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Gelecek ne g\u00f6sterir?<\/strong><\/h5>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l boyunca, ulus\u00f6tesi organize su\u00e7, kolluk kuvvetlerinin, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazetecilerin ve aktivistlerin bir\u00e7ok ad\u0131m \u00f6n\u00fcndeydi.\u00a0Gazetecilerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirmesiyle i\u015fler yava\u015f yava\u015f de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131, ancak su\u00e7lular, ellerindeki devasa kaynaklar ve kolluk kuvvetlerinden bir ad\u0131m \u00f6nde olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan yeni teknolojileri erken benimseyen ki\u015filer olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u00e2l\u00e2 avantajdan yararlan\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Genellikle g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7an bir grup s\u00f6zde kriminal melek yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r, yat\u0131r\u0131m getirisi b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu ve su\u00e7 bu ya\u015fam tarz\u0131na al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f insanlara daha fazla f\u0131rsat getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in di\u011fer su\u00e7lular\u0131 finanse eden ki\u015filerdir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazetecilerin, su\u00e7 hizmetleri end\u00fcstrisinin b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve yeni kara para aklama ve gizli yat\u0131r\u0131m teknikleri geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi, su\u00e7 etraf\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen finansal ekosistemi daha iyi anlamalar\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Organize su\u00e7un geli\u015fen tekniklerine ayak uydurmak i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 gazetecilik kurulu\u015flar\u0131, kripto para birimleri, blok zinciri, takas edilemez tokenler (NFT’ler) ve ticaret su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f modelleri i\u00e7in benimsedikleri di\u011fer yeni ara\u00e7lar\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in zaman ve para yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yapmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cParay\u0131 takip et\u201d yak\u0131nda \u201ckodu takip et\u201d haline gelecek (bir algoritmada oldu\u011fu gibi), ama sonunda, hepsi m\u00fclkiyet ve su\u00e7un beraberinde getirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 \u015feklinde fiziksel bir bi\u00e7im al\u0131yor.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ek kaynaklar<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Para Nas\u0131l Takip Edilir: S\u0131n\u0131r \u00d6tesi Soru\u015fturmalar \u0130\u00e7in \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a><\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

D\u00fcnya \u00c7ap\u0131nda Kleptokrasiyle M\u00fccadele \u0130\u00e7in 10 Ad\u0131ml\u0131 Bir Program<\/em><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

GIJN Serisi: Yolsuzluk Nas\u0131l Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r<\/em><\/a><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

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\"OCCRP<\/figure><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Paul Radu<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, OCCRP’nin kurucu orta\u011f\u0131 ve inovasyon \u015fefidir.\u00a0\u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc 2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda Drew Sullivan ile birlikte kurdu.\u00a0OCCRP’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck ara\u015ft\u0131rma projelerini y\u00f6netiyor, b\u00f6lgesel geni\u015flemeyi ve organize su\u00e7 ve s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi yolsuzlu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in yeni stratejiler ve teknolojiler geli\u015ftiriyor.<\/em><\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Edit\u00f6r\u00fcn Notu: \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki birka\u00e7 hafta boyunca, GIJN, Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenecek \u00a0K\u00fcresel Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Gazetecilik Konferans\u0131’nda\u00a0 tamam\u0131na yer verece\u011fi “Muhabirler \u0130\u00e7in Organize Su\u00e7lar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Rehberi’ nin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini yay\u0131nl\u0131yor\u00a0. Kara para aklamaya odaklanan bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm,\u00a0Organize Su\u00e7 ve Yolsuzluk Raporlama Projesi’nin kurucu orta\u011f\u0131\u00a0Paul\u00a0Radu\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u00a0. Son yirmi y\u0131lda ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m su\u00e7lular\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en iyi giri\u015fimcilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 olabilirlerdi.\u00a0Neredeyse t\u00fcm becerilere […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3031180,"featured_media":958133,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"republication-tracker-tool-hide-widget":false,"footnotes":"","_tec_slr_enabled":"","_tec_slr_layout":""},"categories":[23206],"tags":[19863],"gijn_topic":[18933],"series":[],"gijn_language":[],"gijn_region":[],"class_list":["post-1301223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hikayeler","tag-occrp-tr","gijn_topic-arastirma-ipuclari-ve-araclar"],"acf":[],"ticketed":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1301223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3031180"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1301223"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1301223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1301224,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1301223\/revisions\/1301224"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/958133"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1301223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1301223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1301223"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_topic?post=1301223"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=1301223"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_language?post=1301223"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_region?post=1301223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}