{"id":1237308,"date":"2023-10-19T17:21:12","date_gmt":"2023-10-19T21:21:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/?p=1237308"},"modified":"2023-10-20T03:46:06","modified_gmt":"2023-10-20T07:46:06","slug":"arastirmaci-gazeteciler-icin-savas-suclari-ve-savasta-nelerin-yasal-olduguna-iliskin-ipuclari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/kaynak\/arastirmaci-gazeteciler-icin-savas-suclari-ve-savasta-nelerin-yasal-olduguna-iliskin-ipuclari\/","title":{"rendered":"Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Gazeteciler i\u00e7in Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lar\u0131 ve Sava\u015fta Nelerin Yasal Oldu\u011funa \u0130li\u015fkin \u0130pu\u00e7lar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Edit\u00f6r\u00fcn Notu: Avrupa, Afrika ve Orta Do\u011fu&#8217;daki sava\u015flar\u0131n ortas\u0131nda GIJN, gazetecilerin sava\u015f yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ve nelerin sava\u015f su\u00e7u te\u015fkil edip etmedi\u011fini anlamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu bilgi notunu haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Bu bilgi notu <a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/project\/1234142\/\">GIJN Muhabirin Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Rehberi&#8217;<\/a>nden Dr. Claire Simmons&#8217;\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hukuki arka plan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Sava\u015fta yasal olan, ahlaki a\u00e7\u0131dan do\u011fru olanla ayn\u0131 de\u011fildir ve bir sava\u015f su\u00e7u i\u015flenmi\u015f olsun ya da olmas\u0131n, sava\u015f\u0131 ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 haber yapmak ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmak kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Ancak gazetecilerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki yasalar\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlamas\u0131, g\u00fcvenilir habercili\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flayabilir ve olas\u0131 ihlallere ili\u015fkin fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rabilir. B\u00f6ylece h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ve uluslararas\u0131 alanda sorumluluk sahibi olanlar; faillerin soru\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve kovu\u015fturulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bask\u0131 olu\u015fturabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Bug\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re \u201csava\u015f su\u00e7u\u201d terimi, bireysel cezai sorumlulu\u011fa yol a\u00e7an spesifik, ciddi uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk ihlallerini ifade etmektedir. Ancak sava\u015ftaki t\u00fcm yasa ihlalleri sava\u015f su\u00e7u de\u011fildir; sava\u015ftaki t\u00fcm sivil \u00f6l\u00fcmleri de sava\u015f su\u00e7u, hatta ihlal te\u015fkil etmez. Ayr\u0131ca, ge\u00e7erli sava\u015f yasalar\u0131 ve mevcut uygulama mekanizmalar\u0131 (uluslararas\u0131 mahkemeler dahil), hangi anla\u015fmalar\u0131n hangi devlet taraf\u0131ndan imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Her ne kadar &#8220;sava\u015f su\u00e7u&#8221; teriminin yayg\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 hukuki ba\u011flam\u0131ndan kopmu\u015f olsa da, do\u011fru habercili\u011fi sa\u011flamak ve muhtemelen sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n cezas\u0131z kalmas\u0131yla m\u00fccadeleye katk\u0131da bulunmak i\u00e7in bu terimin kesin hukuki anlam\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sava\u015fta ge\u00e7erli olan daha geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 yasalar\u0131 anlamak hala de\u011ferlidir. Bunun i\u00e7in<a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/reporters-guide-to-investigating-war-crimes-chapter-1-what-is-legal-in-war\/\"> GIJN Muhabirinin Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Rehberi&#8217;nin Sava\u015fta Yasal Olanlar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131n\u0131 okuman\u0131z\u0131 tavsiye ederiz.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Kanunlar T\u00fcm \u00dcleler i\u00e7in Ge\u00e7erli De\u011fildir<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 hukuka g\u00f6re devletler, yaln\u0131zca anla\u015fmalar\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131 (bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7 hukukta imzalanmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131) veya uluslararas\u0131 geleneksel hukuk yoluyla, yaln\u0131zca kabul ettikleri yasalara tabidir. BM Antla\u015fma Veri Taban\u0131, ICRC IHL Veri Taban\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00e7evrimi\u00e7i kaynaklar, hangi devletlerin hangi antla\u015fmalar\u0131 onaylad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin listeler ve bilgiler i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n taraflar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerle ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6z konusu anla\u015fmay\u0131 onaylayan devletler i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olan anla\u015fma kanunu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f her devlet taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan (ancak uluslararas\u0131 olmayan silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara uygulananlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere belirli kurallara ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7ermeyen) 1949 tarihli D\u00f6rt Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi gibi <strong>uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk anla\u015fmalar\u0131<\/strong> ve bunlar\u0131n 1977 tarihli Ek Protokolleri (ki bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler t\u00fcm devletler taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bunlar aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemlileri ABD, Pakistan ve \u0130ran&#8217;d\u0131r).<\/li>\n<li>123 devlet taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc gibi <strong>uluslararas\u0131 ceza hukuku anla\u015fmalar\u0131.<\/strong> Bu t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc onaylamayan baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli devletler aras\u0131nda ABD, \u00c7in, \u0130srail, Rusya, Ukrayna ve Yemen bulunmaktad\u0131r. (Baz\u0131 istisnai durumlar i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn tamam\u0131nda yer alan \u201csava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131 mahkemeleri\u201d konusuna bak\u0131n).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uluslararas\u0131 Medeni ve Siyasi Haklar S\u00f6zle\u015fmes<\/strong>i, Ekonomik, K\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve Sosyal Haklar Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Amerika K\u0131tas\u0131 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve Afrika \u015eart\u0131 gibi uluslararas\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 hukuku anla\u015fmalar\u0131 \u0130nsan ve Halklar\u0131n Haklar\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rf ve adet hukuku<\/strong>, devletlerin uygulamalar\u0131ndan ve bunlar\u0131n hukuk olarak kabul edilmesinden t\u00fcretilen yasalar\u0131, o devlet taraf\u0131ndan onaylanan anla\u015fmalarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmasa bile ifade eder.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n t\u00fcm taraflar\u0131, devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 gruplar da dahil olmak \u00fczere, uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rf ve adet hukukuna tabidir.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6rne\u011fin, baz\u0131 devletler Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri&#8217;nin, sivillerin hedef al\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 kural\u0131n\u0131 (Madde 48) i\u00e7eren Ek Protokol I&#8217;i onaylamam\u0131\u015f olsa da, bu kural hala silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n t\u00fcm taraflar\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olan uluslararas\u0131 geleneksel hukuk olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/li>\n<li>Bununla birlikte, \u00f6rf ve adet hukukunun belirlenmesi zor olabilir. ICRC&#8217;nin uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rf ve adet\u00a0 hukuk veri taban\u0131, kendi ba\u015f\u0131na yasal bir kaynak olmasa da, silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda hangi kurallar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 geleneksel hukuk olarak mevcut olabilece\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in iyi bir referanst\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatman\u0131n yasall\u0131\u011f\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 hukukun ayr\u0131 kurallar\u0131na (devletler aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin yasalar) tabidir. Ancak bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n nas\u0131l veya neden ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada ge\u00e7erli olan kurallar\u0131 etkilemez. K\u0131sacas\u0131 silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ba\u015flat\u0131lsa da ba\u015flamasa da ayn\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 781px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/Chapter_3_Haviv_VII-Photo_07-771x578.jpeg\" alt=\"Caption\/Description: The courtroom at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, a body of the United Nations established to prosecute the war crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars and try their perpetrators. The tribunal was an ad hoc court located in The Hague, Netherlands.\" width=\"771\" height=\"578\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yugoslavya Sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda i\u015flenen sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kovu\u015fturmak ve faillerini yarg\u0131lamak \u00fczere kurulmu\u015f bir Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler organ\u0131 olan Eski Yugoslavya Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi&#8217;nin duru\u015fma salonu. Mahkeme, Hollanda&#8217;n\u0131n Lahey kentinde bulunan bir ad hoc mahkemesiydi. Resim: Ron Haviv, VII<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Sava\u015f Kurallar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini d\u00fczenlemek ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klara kat\u0131lmayan veya art\u0131k kat\u0131lmayanlara (\u00f6rne\u011fin, g\u00f6zalt\u0131ndakiler, hastalar ve yaral\u0131lar) koruma sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 kurallar mevcuttur. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen kurallar, uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk kapsam\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 temel ilke ve korumalar\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir ancak kapsaml\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n Y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde ge\u00e7erli olan iki temel kural, ayr\u0131m ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkeleridir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k<br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\nAy\u0131rt etme ilkesi, silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n taraflar\u0131n\u0131n her zaman siviller ile d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klara kat\u0131lanlar (sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar dahil) aras\u0131nda ve ayr\u0131ca sivil nesneler ve altyap\u0131 ile askeri hedefler aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtir. Sadece askeri hedefler ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda yer alanlar sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal olarak hedef al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kimler hedef al\u0131nabilir?<\/strong> Ki\u015filer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, sadece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda do\u011frudan yer alanlar yasal hedeflerdir. Ancak, t\u00fcm hedef alma kurallar\u0131na uyuldu\u011fu takdirde, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen veya zarar g\u00f6ren sivillerin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olmas\u0131 gerekmez.<\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk kapsam\u0131nda &#8220;<strong>muharip<\/strong>&#8221; terimi, bir devletin silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin t\u00fcm \u00fcyeleri (t\u0131bbi ve dini personel hari\u00e7) anlam\u0131na gelen \u00f6zel bir yasal tan\u0131ma sahiptir. Muharipler askeri hedef olarak kabul edilir ve bu nedenle <strong>hors de combat<\/strong> olmad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece (yani yaral\u0131, hasta veya teslim olmad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece) yasal olarak hedef al\u0131nabilirler ve d\u00fc\u015fman taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irildikleri takdirde sava\u015f esiri stat\u00fcs\u00fcne hak kazan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olmayan herkes uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuka g\u00f6re hukuken \u201csivil\u201d kabul ediliyor. Ancak siviller, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara do\u011frudan kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 halinde sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 yasal korumalar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedebilirler ancak bu korumay\u0131 ne zaman ve ne kadar s\u00fcreyle kaybettiklerinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bazen tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131lan devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n \u00fcyelerinin, s\u00f6z konusu silahl\u0131 gruba \u00fcyelikleri s\u00fcresince sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 korumalar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Bazen bu silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n \u00fcyelerini belirtmek i\u00e7in \u201csava\u015f\u00e7\u0131\u201d veya \u201cs\u00fcrekli sava\u015f i\u015flevi\u201d gibi terimler kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Eylemleri ne olursa olsun, hem sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar hem de siviller, insanca muamele hakk\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere uluslararas\u0131 hukuk kapsam\u0131nda kendilerine tan\u0131nan t\u00fcm korumalar\u0131 asla kaybedemezler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Neler hedef al\u0131nabilir?<\/strong> Askeri hedefler, konumlar\u0131, ama\u00e7lar\u0131 veya kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 itibariyle askeri \u00e7abaya etkin bir \u015fekilde katk\u0131da bulunan ve k\u0131smen veya tamamen imha edilmeleri o zamanki ko\u015fullarda kesin bir askeri avantaj sa\u011flayacak olan her \u015feyi kapsar. Bu nedenle, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi sivil olan nesneler veya altyap\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin sivil binalar, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, yollar), \u00f6rne\u011fin askeri te\u00e7hizat\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmak veya ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa, ko\u015fullara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak askeri hedef haline gelebilir. Bununla birlikte, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n her iki taraf\u0131 da baz\u0131 sivil nesnelerin, \u00f6zellikle de t\u0131bbi tesislerin askeri ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr (bkz. a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da korunan amblemler ve\u00a0 sadakat).<\/p>\n<p>Bir ki\u015fi veya nesnenin askeri mi yoksa sivil mi oldu\u011fu konusunda herhangi bir \u015f\u00fcphe varsa, sivil olduklar\u0131 varsay\u0131l\u0131r ve sald\u0131r\u0131dan men edilirler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi, bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, sald\u0131r\u0131dan beklenen do\u011frudan askeri avantajdan \u00e7ok daha fazla sivil zarara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 halinde hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtir. \u00d6rne\u011fin bo\u015f bir askeri kamyon gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck de\u011ferli bir hedefi yo\u011fun bir pazar yerinde bombalamak ve b\u00f6ylece bir\u00e7ok sivili \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek muhtemelen orant\u0131 testinde ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, sivillerin yaralanmas\u0131na veya \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olan ya da sivil altyap\u0131ya zarar veren bir sald\u0131r\u0131, beklenen askeri avantaj\u0131n sivillerin zarar\u0131ndan daha fazla olmas\u0131 durumunda (ki buna bazen &#8220;ikincil zarar&#8221; veya &#8220;tesad\u00fcfi zarar&#8221; olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r) hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayabilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla sivil \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fc sava\u015f su\u00e7u veya uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukukun ihlali anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi, karar\u0131n verildi\u011fi ve sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada bilinenlere dayan\u0131r ve olaydan sonra netle\u015febilecek delillerle de\u011ferlendirilmez. Dahas\u0131, insanl\u0131k ile askeri gereklilik aras\u0131nda kesin bir hesaplaman\u0131n yap\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir dengeye dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, uyumlulu\u011fun de\u011ferlendirilmesini \u00f6zellikle zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sald\u0131r\u0131da \u00d6nlemler<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuka g\u00f6re yasal olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na (yani ayr\u0131m ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkelerine uyup uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131na) karar vermek, askeri operasyonlar\u0131 planlayan ve y\u00fcr\u00fctenlerin sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda uygulanabilir \u00f6nlemler almas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Bu, askeri operasyonlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda sivillerin korunmas\u0131na s\u00fcrekli \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmesini, hedefin sivil de\u011fil askeri oldu\u011funun do\u011frulanmas\u0131n\u0131, kullan\u0131lan g\u00fcc\u00fcn geli\u015fig\u00fczel veya orant\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131 durumunda sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesini veya ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda uygun oldu\u011funda uyar\u0131 verilmesini kapsar.<\/p>\n<p>Tedbir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ayn\u0131 zamanda sivillerin ve sivil nesnelerin sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n etkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin askeri te\u00e7hizat\u0131n veya personelin yo\u011fun n\u00fcfuslu b\u00f6lgelere veya hastaneler gibi hassas sivil altyap\u0131 alanlar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmemesi tercih edilir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Silahlar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk ayr\u0131ca sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u00f6ntemlerini de d\u00fczenlemektedir. Bu, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetmeyen (yasal ve yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 hedefler aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapamayan) ve gereksiz yaralanmalara veya gereksiz ac\u0131lara neden olabilecek silahlar\u0131 da kapsar. Belirli silahlar ayr\u0131ca belirli anla\u015fmalar kapsam\u0131nda yasaklanm\u0131\u015f veya d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir (\u00f6rne\u011fin biyolojik ve kimyasal silahlar, kara may\u0131nlar\u0131, geni\u015fleyen mermiler).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130nsanc\u0131l Hukuk Kapsam\u0131ndaki Di\u011fer Korumalar<br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\nUluslararas\u0131 insani hukuk ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131lmayan veya art\u0131k kat\u0131lmayanlar i\u00e7in de koruma sa\u011flar. Bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 burada \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>G\u00f6zalt\u0131nda Olanlar\u0131n Tedavisi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sava\u015fa kat\u0131lmayan veya art\u0131k kat\u0131lmayan herkese, i\u015fkenceden veya insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 muameleden korunmak da dahil olmak \u00fczere, her durumda insanca davran\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayla ilgili nedenlerden dolay\u0131 g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131nan siviller, uluslararas\u0131 silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda belirli adli g\u00fcvencelerden yararlanma hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Sadece uluslararas\u0131 silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda var olan bir stat\u00fc olan sava\u015f esirleri, 1949 tarihli \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi&#8217;nde detayland\u0131r\u0131lan, adli g\u00fcvencelere hak kazanma, d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fcc\u00fcn kuvvetlerinde hizmet etmekten korunma ve d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya ile ileti\u015fimlerine ili\u015fkin kurallar da dahil olmak \u00fczere belirli korumalara hak kazan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Meslek<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk kapsam\u0131nda, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi her zaman ge\u00e7ici olmas\u0131 gereken i\u015fgali d\u00fczenleyen \u00f6zel kurallar mevcuttur. Bu yasalar, topraklar\u0131n y\u00f6netimine ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra zorla yerinden etme ve toplu cezaland\u0131rmalara ili\u015fkin yasaklar\u0131 da i\u00e7erir. Ayr\u0131ca, i\u015fgalci g\u00fc\u00e7ler b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla kontrolleri alt\u0131ndaki ki\u015filerle ilgili olarak uluslararas\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 hukuku y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine sahip olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Korumal\u0131 Amblemlerin K\u00f6t\u00fcye Kullan\u0131m\u0131<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk, k\u0131z\u0131l ha\u00e7, k\u0131z\u0131l hilal ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kristal amblemlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere belirli durumlarda daha fazla koruma sa\u011flar. Bu amblemlerin korumal\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131 silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda insani kurallara sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n taraflar\u0131, tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k ve koruma anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in has\u0131mlar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere hi\u00e7 kimsenin bu amblemleri k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00fcvenmelidir. Bu amblemler de dahil olmak \u00fczere herhangi bir sivil ya da korunan stat\u00fcn\u00fcn yanl\u0131\u015f beyan edilmesi uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukukun ihlalidir. K\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmak yani bu korumalar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, yaralamak veya esir almak i\u00e7in kullanmak sava\u015f su\u00e7u te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 781px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/shutterstock_2133879265-771x514.jpg\" alt=\"Red Cross emblem war crimes investigation\" width=\"771\" height=\"514\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lviv, Ukrayna&#8217;da bir Uluslararas\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131lha\u00e7 Komitesi m\u00fclteci yard\u0131m \u00e7ad\u0131r\u0131, Mart 2022. Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 veya askeri malzemeleri gizlemek veya korumak amac\u0131yla K\u0131z\u0131l Ha\u00e7, K\u0131z\u0131l Hilal veya K\u0131z\u0131l Kristal sembollerinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 veya yanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukukun ihlalidir. G\u00f6rsel: Shutterstock<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Sava\u015f Su\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131&#8221; terimi, bireysel cezai sorumlulu\u011fa yol a\u00e7an ciddi uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk ihlallerinin bir alt k\u00fcmesini ifade eder. Ay\u0131rt etme ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkelerinin ihlali, g\u00f6zalt\u0131ndakilere i\u015fkence ve insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 muamele yap\u0131lmas\u0131 veya korunan amblemlerin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi durumlar sava\u015f su\u00e7u te\u015fkil eder. Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc uluslararas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 olmayan silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda i\u015flenen sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bir listesini i\u00e7ermektedir. Her ne kadar t\u00fcm devletler Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc&#8217;n\u00fc onaylamam\u0131\u015f olsalar da, listede yer alan sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n genellikle bu terimin uluslararas\u0131 team\u00fcl anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 temsil etti\u011fi kabul edilir.<\/p>\n<p>Devletler, silahl\u0131 kuvvetleri ve vatanda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenen sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kendi topraklar\u0131 ve\/veya yarg\u0131 yetkileri dahilinde i\u015flenen sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 soru\u015fturmak ve uygun olmas\u0131 halinde \u015f\u00fcphelileri kovu\u015fturmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, &#8220;evrensel yarg\u0131 yetkisi&#8221; olarak bilinen bir ilke uyar\u0131nca, nerede ve kim taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flendi\u011fine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sava\u015f su\u00e7unu soru\u015fturmay\u0131 ve kovu\u015fturmay\u0131 tercih edebilirler.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011fa Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, uluslararas\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131n di\u011fer iki bi\u00e7imidir ve bunlar da \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda i\u015flenen uluslararas\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131 kovu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kavramlard\u0131r. Her ikisi de art\u0131k Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi Roma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc&#8217;nde <em>kodifiye (yaz\u0131l\u0131 metne d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f)<\/em>\u00a0edilmi\u015ftir. 1948 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi de t\u00fcm devletler i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 team\u00fcl hukuku olarak kabul edilmektedir. Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 su\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar &#8220;yayg\u0131n veya sistematik bir sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n&#8221; par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak i\u015flenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m, &#8220;ulusal, etnik, \u0131rksal veya dini bir grubu tamamen veya k\u0131smen yok etme niyetiyle&#8221; i\u015flenmelidir.<\/li>\n<li>Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ve insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde veya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015flenebilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Di\u011fer \u0130hlaller<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131, ciddi sonu\u00e7lara yol a\u00e7an tek uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk ihlali de\u011fildir. Sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmamas\u0131 gibi di\u011fer ihlaller, tek bir ki\u015fi cezai olarak sorumlu olmasa bile, sivillerin ve\/veya sivil mallar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesine veya ciddi \u015fekilde yaralanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Koruma amblemlerinin k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rsa sava\u015f su\u00e7u te\u015fkil edebilir ancak her durumda uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukukun ihlali anlam\u0131na gelir ve t\u0131bbi ve insani yard\u0131m nesnelerine ve personeline olan g\u00fcveni sarsarsa ciddi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furabilir. Devletler bu olas\u0131 ihlalleri soru\u015fturmak ve bast\u0131rmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Komuta Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Komuta sorumlulu\u011fu kavram\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 hukukta komutanlar\u0131n astlar\u0131n\u0131n eylemlerinden do\u011frudan sorumlu tutulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilen benzersiz bir kavramd\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 ceza hukuku kapsam\u0131nda bu sorumluluk sivil amirleri de kapsayabilir (sadece askeri komutanlar\u0131 de\u011fil). Bu t\u00fcr sorumlulu\u011fun iki \u015fekli vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Astlar\u0131na sava\u015f su\u00e7u i\u015fleme emri verme konusunda komuta sorumlulu\u011fu.<\/li>\n<li>Sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyememek, bast\u0131ramamak veya rapor edememekten kaynaklanan komuta sorumlulu\u011fu (\u00f6rne\u011fin, emirleri alt\u0131ndaki sava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131 soru\u015fturmamak ve kovu\u015fturmamak).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bu kavram uluslararas\u0131 ceza mahkemeleri taraf\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak incelenmi\u015ftir. Kavram\u0131n, komutan\u0131n sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 &#8220;bilmesi veya bilmesi gerekmesi&#8221; ve harekete ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in yetkileri dahilinde &#8220;gerekli ve makul&#8221; \u00f6nlemleri almamalar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7e\u015fitli yasal unsurlar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8216;\u0130ddia Edilen&#8217; veya &#8216;Olas\u0131&#8217;: Bir Sava\u015f Su\u00e7unun veya \u0130hlalinin Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Belirlenmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Gazeteciler, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ihlallerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nadiren tek ba\u015f\u0131na kan\u0131tlayabilece\u011fini ak\u0131lda tutmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bir olay\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlerken veya haberle\u015ftirirken, genellikle bir sava\u015f su\u00e7unun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r. Sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131yla itham edilenler de dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm bireyler adil yarg\u0131lanma ve masumiyet karinesi (veya ulusal mevzuatta buna e\u015fde\u011fer bir hak) hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu nedenle, bir eylemin sava\u015f su\u00e7u veya insanc\u0131l hukukun ba\u015fka bir ihlali olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 ancak etkili bir soru\u015fturma ve yarg\u0131lama y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilebilir. Sava\u015f su\u00e7u te\u015fkil edebilecek eylemler hakk\u0131nda haber yazarken, &#8220;iddia edilen&#8221; veya &#8220;olas\u0131&#8221; sava\u015f su\u00e7lar\u0131 \u015feklinde haber yapmak yasal olarak do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7o\u011fu durumda, uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk ihlalinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in askeri veya devlet kurumlar\u0131na ait bilgilere de ihtiya\u00e7 duyulacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bu bilgiler aras\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131yla ilgili e\u015fzamanl\u0131 ifadeler ve bilgiler, hangi istihbarat\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, ger\u00e7ek hedefin ne oldu\u011fu, beklenen sivil zarar\u0131n nas\u0131l hesapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve beklenen do\u011frudan askeri avantajla nas\u0131l dengelendi\u011fi ve ne gibi uygulanabilir \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer alabilir.<\/p>\n<p>Devletler, olas\u0131 ihlallere ili\u015fkin soru\u015fturma y\u00fcr\u00fctmekle birincil derecede y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Etkili bir soru\u015fturma y\u00fcr\u00fctemediklerinde, Uluslararas\u0131 Ceza Mahkemesi veya BM kurulu\u015flar\u0131 gibi uluslararas\u0131 organlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer organlar devreye girebilir. Gazeteciler ve insan haklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere sivil toplum, olas\u0131 veya iddia edilen ihlaller konusunda fark\u0131ndal\u0131k yaratma ve devletleri bunlar\u0131 soru\u015fturmadaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda uyarma konusunda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayabilir. Yasay\u0131 anlamak ve olas\u0131 ihlallere dikkat \u00e7ekmek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir eylem \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 olabilir. Pek \u00e7ok durumda, devlet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bu soru\u015fturma \u00e7abalar\u0131 nihai hesap verebilirli\u011fe yol a\u00e7abilir. Bununla birlikte, gazeteciler ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ihlallerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 nadiren tek ba\u015f\u0131na kan\u0131tlayabilece\u011fini ak\u0131lda tutmal\u0131 ve gelecekteki olas\u0131 soru\u015fturmalar\u0131 tehlikeye atmamak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermelidir.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1218568 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"173\" height=\"172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture.png 576w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture-336x334.png 336w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture-140x140.png 140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 173px) 100vw, 173px\" \/><\/a><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ClaireESimmons\">Dr. Claire Simmons<\/a> uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk alan\u0131nda hukuk uzman\u0131d\u0131r. Sandhurst Kraliyet Askeri Akademisi&#8217;nde K\u0131demli \u00d6\u011fretim G\u00f6revlisi ve Essex \u00dcniversitesi Silahl\u0131 \u00c7at\u0131\u015fma ve Kriz Merkezi \u00dcyesidir. Akademik kurumlarda ve kar amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen kurulu\u015flarda uluslararas\u0131 insanc\u0131l hukuk ve insan haklar\u0131 konular\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma deneyimine sahiptir. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ifade edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler yazara aittir ve herhangi bir ba\u011fl\u0131 kurulu\u015fun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini veya pozisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmak zorunda de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-05-08-at-10.48.23-AM-2-336x337-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1236029 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-05-08-at-10.48.23-AM-2-336x337-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"187\" height=\"188\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-05-08-at-10.48.23-AM-2-336x337-1.png 336w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Screen-Shot-2023-05-08-at-10.48.23-AM-2-336x337-1-140x140.png 140w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 187px) 100vw, 187px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ronhaviv.com\/bio\">Ron Haviv<\/a>, Emmy aday\u0131 bir film yap\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6d\u00fcll\u00fc bir foto muhabiri ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 belgelemeye ve insan haklar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirmeye adanm\u0131\u015f <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/aHgG1hhBYs\">VII foto\u011fraf ajans\u0131n\u0131n kurucu<\/a> orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kendisi ayn\u0131 zamanda belgesel projelerine odaklanan ve \u00fccretsiz g\u00f6rsel gazetecilik e\u011fitimi veren kar amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen VII Vakf\u0131&#8217;n\u0131n da kurucu orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gazetecilerin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki yasalar\u0131 do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde anlamas\u0131, g\u00fcvenilir habercili\u011fi geli\u015ftirebilir ve olas\u0131 ihlaller konusunda fark\u0131ndal\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3031167,"featured_media":1237693,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"republication-tracker-tool-hide-widget":false,"footnotes":"","_tec_slr_enabled":"","_tec_slr_layout":""},"categories":[23206,23204,23200],"tags":[19987,22317,22837],"gijn_topic":[],"series":[],"gijn_language":[],"gijn_region":[],"class_list":["post-1237308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hikayeler","category-ipucu-sayfasi","category-kaynak","tag-savas-suclari-tr","tag-soykirim","tag-yasal-rehber"],"acf":[],"ticketed":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1237308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3031167"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1237308"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1237308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1238017,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1237308\/revisions\/1238017"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1237693"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1237308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1237308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1237308"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_topic?post=1237308"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=1237308"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_language?post=1237308"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_region?post=1237308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}