GIJN Africa: Mu bihugu bya Africa hari imiryango ifasha mu kurinda umutekano w’abanyamakuru bacukumbura

Ubusanzwe itangazamakuru ricukumbura ubwaryo rishyira mu kaga abarikora. Ibyo biri muri kamere yaryo, aho umunyamakuru ushyira hanze abayobozi barya ruswa n’abanyereza ahura n’ibibazo birimo no guterwa ubwoba, hagamijwe kumuhagarika mu kazi ke, no kubangamira igitangazamakuru akorera. 

Ni muri urwo rwego hari imiryango nyafurika na mpuzamahanga yashyizeho gahunda zigamije gufasha abanyamakuru bari mu kaga kugira umutekano; haba mu bihugu bimwe muri Africa cyangwa ku mugabane wose. Imwe muri iyo miryango ni iyi ikurikira:

Ihuriro ry’imiryango nyafurika y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, (Africa Human Rights Network)

Uyu muryngo, (Africa Human Rights Network), ufite gahunda ifasha abanyamakuru kubashakira ubuhungiro mu mijyi itekanye nka Dar es Salaam na Benin. Iyi gahunda ifasha abanyamakuru bacukumbura ndetse n’abandi bantu baharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu bari mu kaga muri Africa, gukomeza umurimo wabo no mu gihe bari mu buhungiro. Muri icyo gihe bafashwa mu ngendo zabo, icumbi, amafunguro, kwivuza, ubwishingizi; ndetse bagahumurizwa, bakanongererwa ubumenyi bubafasha kuba bakomereza hanze umurimo batangiriye mu bihugu byabo. Bafashwa kandi kungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi babo bakamenyana, ubundi bakazanafashwa gusubira mu bihugu byabo no gukomeza akazi.

Ihuriro nyafurika riharanira ubwisanzure bwo kungurana ibitekerezo (African Freedom of Exchange Network, AFEX)

AFEX, (African Freedom of Exchange Network) igizwe n’imiryango 15 iharanira ubwisanzure bwo gutanga ibitekerezo. Iri huriro riharanira kwimakaza no guteza imbere ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru mu bihugu byo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Iyo miryango irigize kandi yose iba muri IFEX (International Freedom of Expression Exchange), umuryango mpuzamahanga uharanira uburenganzira bwo kungurana ibitekerezo. Mu byo AFEX ikora, harimo guharanira ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru n’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Africa, ibinyujije mu bikorwa by’ubuvugizi n’ubukangurambaga, (advocacy and campaigns). Inahugura abanyamuryango bayo, mu rwego rwo kububakira ubushobozi bwo gukora neza. Ubu ubunyamabanga bwa AFEX buri mu maboko ya Media Foundation for West Africa, Igitangazamakuru gikorera muri Ghana.

Article 19 (Umuryango ushingiye ku ngingo ya 19 y’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu)

Nubwo iba mu Bwongereza, Article 19 ikorera ku isi yose, yimakaza umuco n’uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ndetse n’ubwo kubona amakuru. Mu bikorwa byayo harimo gushyiraho amategeko aboneye, gusesengura no kujora amategeko akoreshwa mu bihugu. Inakora inyandiko zisaba inkiko mpuzamahanga n’izo mu bihugu kurengera ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, ivugira abantu cyangwa amatsinda y’abantu bahungabanirijwe uburenganzira. Article 19 kandi igirana ubufatanye n’indi miryango itari iya Leta. Muri Africa yo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara, Article 19 ifite ibiro muri Senegal no muri Kenya,  aho ifite imishinga muri utwo turere tubiri tw’Uburengerazuba n’Uburasirazuba bw’Africa.

Ishyirahamwe riharanira iterambere ry’itangazamakuru muri Sudan y’Amajyepfo (Association for Media Development in South Sudan)

Sudan y’Amajyepfo ni kimwe mu bihugu bigoye ku mikorere y’Itangazamakuru munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Ni igihugu kiyoborwa gisirikare, aho bacecekesha ushaka kuvuga ibitagenda wese. Abanyamakuru bafatwa nk’ababangamiye inzira y’amahoro, ubundi bagafatwa nk’abashyigikiye inyeshyamba zigometse kuri Leta ya Juba. Murumva umwuka itangazamakuru ry’icyo gihugu rikoreramo ko utoroshye, akaba ari yo mpamvu hari imiryango myinshi ikora ubuvugizi ngo habeho ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru muri icyo gihugu. Muri iyo miryango rero harimo n’iri shyirahamwe (Association for Media Development in South Sudan), rikorana bya hafi n’indi miryango y’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’abatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga. Mu mwaka wa 2015, iri shyirahamwe ryafunguye ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’itangazamakuru, (Media Development Institute). Iki kigo gihugura abanyamakuru n’abifuza gukora uwo mwuga, muri gahunda imara amezi icyenda bagahabwa impamyabumenyi (certificate).

Komite nyafurika ishinzwe kurinda abanyamakuru, (Committee to Protect Journalists — Africa)

CPJ (Committee to Protect Journalists), ni umuryango mpuzamahanga wigenga kandi udaharanira inyungu. Mu ntego wihaye harimo kurengera uburenganzira bw’abanyamakuru, ngo batare inkuru batekanye nta bwoba nta n’intugunda cyangwa igitutu icyo ari cyo cyose. Mu byo CPJ Africa ikora, harimo ikusanyamakuru ku mutekano w’abanyamakuru, gutanga inama ku buryo wanozwa, kwerekana ibisabwa umunyamakuru ukorera ahantu hamushyira mu kaga, ndetse no gutabara uwakagezemo.

Itangazamakuru ryisanzuye ku buryo butagira imipaka, (Free Press Unlimited)

Iyi ikorera ku isi yose, ifite gahunda ebyiri, zigamije gufasha no gutabara abanyamakuru  bari mun kaga, ndetse n’ibitangazamakuru. Gahunda ya mbere ni ikigega cyo gutabara, gitanga inkunga yihutirwa ku banyamakuru n’ibitangazamakuru, iyo nkunga ikabafasha kurangiza vuba akazi barimo mu gihe bahuye n’inzitizi. Gahunda ya kabiri nayo ni ikigega, ariko cyo gishinzwe ubwunganizi mu mategeko. Iki cyo gifasha abanyamakuru bari mu manza; nk’iyo bo cyangwa imiryango yabo batotezwa cyangwa bagafungwa, cyangwa baraburana batabasha kubona umwunganizi n’ikiguzi cy’urubanza (igarama, kwishyura avoka, kugura dosiye).

Ihuriro riharanira uburenganzira bw’abanyamakuru (Human Rights Network for Journalists) – Uganda

Ni ihuriro ryashinzwe mu 2005, rihuriyemo abahoze ari abanyamakuru n’abakiririmo. Rifasha abanyamakuru bahuye n’ibibazo, byo kwamburwa uburenganzira bahabwa n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Uganda, cyangwa bakavutswa ubwisanzure bw’ibanze. Iri huriro rikora ubushakashatsi ku mbogamizi abanyamakuru bahura nazo mu kazi, rikazikurikirana rikanakusanya amakuru kuri zo. Rikurikirana abanyamakuru baterwa ubwoba, abagirirwa nabi, ndetse n’izindi nzitizi zibangamira ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru muri Uganda. Bafasha kandi abanyamakuru kubona ababunganira mu mategeko, igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa ko akazi bakoze kabajyana mu nkiko kandi bakeneye umwunganizi.

Umuryango mpuzamahanga utera inkunga Itangazamakuru, (International Media Support – IMS)

IMS  irengera uburenganzira bw’abanyamakuru, igaharanira ko bakora akazi kabo batekanye; cyane cyane mu bihugu babuzwamo amahoro. Hari aho batotezwa bagahohoterwa, cyangwa bakenderezwa bari mu kazi, kimwe no mu bihugu birimo amakimbirane adatuma umunyamakuru atara inkuru. IMS rero itanga ubutabazi bwihuse ku banyamakuru bahohotewe bari mu kazi cyangwa bazira akazi bakora, binyuze mu kigega cyayo cy’umutekano.

Umuryango wunganira abanyamakuru mu mategeko (Media Defence)

Uyu muryango Media Legal Defence Initiative, ni wo uri hafi kwitwa Media Defence mu minsi ya vuba. Ufite ikigega cy’ubutabazi gitera inkunga abanyamakuru, abakora ibifitanye isano n’itangazamakuru, ndetse n’ibitangazamakuru byigenga. Ubatangira amagarama y’imanza, kandi ubashakira inzobere mu mategeko zo kubaburanira. Ukorera I Londres mu Bwongereza, ariko ubu uragenda uteza imbere amahuriro y’abanyamategeko n’imishinga yo gukora ubuvugizi mu ikoranabuhanga (Digital Rights Advocates Project). Africa y’Uburengerazuba, Uburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo, ni hamwe uyu muryango werekeje amaso. Abanyamategeko bakora ku bibazo bijyanye n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru binyuze kuri murandasi, aho barenganura abanyamakuru, abafite imbuga zitanga amakuru, ndetse n’ibitangazamakuru. Media Defence ifite kandi urubuga rwayo, ruriho amakuru menshi ku burenganzira bw’abakora itangazamakuru ryo kuri murandasi, n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru muri rusange muri Africa.

Urugaga rw’abanditsi bo muri Africa y’Epfo, (South African National Editors Forum – SANEF)

Ni umuryango udaharanira inyungu, ugizwe n’abanditsi, abanyamakuru bazobereye mu mwuga, abayobozi b’ibitangazamakuru, ndetse n’abarimu b’itangazamakuru. Intego nyamukuru ya SANEF, ni uguhagararira no kuba ijwi ryizewe ry’itangazamakuru muri Africa y’Epfo, kurinda abanyamakuru no guteza imbere ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru muri icyo gihugu. SANEF niyo ikunda kugira icyo ivuga ku birebana n’ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru muri Africa y’Epfo, kandi ibyo ivuze birubahwa, bikanafatwa nk’aho ari igitekerezo cy’itangazamakuru ryaho ryose. Uyu muryango ujya ukora ubukangurambaga bwamagana amategeko abangamira  cyangwa ashaka kuniga ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru. Ni wo uhugura abanyamakuru, ni wo uyobora ibitangazwa bireba rubanda rugufi; kandi ukorana n’indi miryango bahuje intego. Ikusanya inyandiko ikanabika amakuru yose n’ubushakashatsi buvuga kun itangazamakuru ry’ Africa y’Epfo ndetse n’umurongo wa Leta kuri ryo.

Ihuriro ry’abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Tanzaniya (Tanzania Human Rights Defenders Coalition)

THRDC (Tanzania Human Rights Defenders Coalition) yagiyeho muri  2010, igamije gushimangira umutekano no kurinda abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bihugu bya Africa y’Uburasirazuba. Iri huriro rihirimbanira gushaka umutekano uhagije, icyubahiro nyacyo ndetse no kumenyekana kw’abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Tanzaniya. Ribikora ribinyujije mu kubarinda, kububakira ubushobozi, ndetse no kubakorera ubuvugizi.

Umushinga w’umurinzi (The Totem Project)

Iri naryo ni ihuriro rikomoka ku mikoranire ya Greenhost na Free Press Unlimited. Ritanga amasomo binyuze kuri murandasi, rikigisha abanyamakuru amasomo ajyanye no kurinda inyandiko zabo zinyuzwa mu ikoranabuhanga(digital security) ngo zitavogerwa.  Rinatanga inama n’amayeri ku banyamakuru, abaharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu n’impirimbanyi zabwo, mu buryo bumeze nk’ubwo mu ishuri; ariko binyuze ku ikoranabuhanga. Umurinzi (Totem) yubakiye ku buryo bwa MOOC (Massive Open Online Course), bukoresha amakuru asanzwe aboneka ku ikoranabuhanga. Ni urubuga rukoranye ubuhanga, ku buryo burindiwe umutekano w’abarukoresha, nta mpungenge ko bakwinjirirwa kubera uburyo bugezweho kandi bwizewe.

Inama y’itangazamakuru nkorerabushake rya Zimbabwe, (Voluntary Media Council of Zimbabwe  – VMCZ)

Iyi VMCZ yo ni ishyirahamwe rihuriwemo n’abanyamakuru, ibitangazamakuru, abanditsi b’ibitabo, ndetse n’imwe mu miryango itari iya Leta ikora ku bwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru. Ryashyizweho mu 2007, rikora nk’urwego rw’itangazamakuru ryigenzura muri Zimbabwe. Rikora akazi k’ubuhuza, risuzuma ibirego by’abahungabanijwe n’itangazamakuru, kandi rifatwa nk’ikiraro gihuza itangazamakuru na Leta, ndetse n’abandi banyapolitiki. Rihugura abanyamakuru, ribubakira ubushobozi bwo gukora kinyamwuga kandi batabogama. Amenshi mu mahugurwa ritanga arebana no gukora inkuru zicukumbuye. VMCZ kandi ifite akarusho ko kuba ari yo itanga ibihembo bikomeye ku banyamakuru muri Zimbabwe, harimo n’ikigenerwa itangazamakuru ricukumbura.