{"id":431567,"date":"2021-12-07T23:26:21","date_gmt":"2021-12-08T04:26:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/?page_id=431567"},"modified":"2023-06-25T07:31:39","modified_gmt":"2023-06-25T11:31:39","slug":"%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%a1-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%a7%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%be%e0%a7%9f-%e0%a7%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%a6\/%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%97%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%a1-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%a7%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%be%e0%a7%9f-%e0%a7%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u09ef: \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ae\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8 \u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Migrant<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Someone who changes his or her country of usual residence, irrespective of the reason for migration or legal status. The term usually applies those who choose to move freely, without a compelling external factor (such as war, climate change). In English, the term encompasses all kinds of migration – labor migration, temporary migration, long-term migration, etc.<\/td>\n\u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u0989 \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09af\u09be-\u0987 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09be\u09df, \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac (\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09af\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7, \u099c\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8) \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ac \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c2\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7: \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8, \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8, \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8, \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Migrant Worker<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A person who is to be engaged, is engaged, or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state where he or she is not a national\/citizen. Migrant workers have specific protections under international law.<\/td>\n\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u0993 \u0995\u09c7\u0989 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8, \u0985\u09a4\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09ac\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u0987\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Expatriate\/Expat worker<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\/\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
As commonly used in GCC English media, this term (and “expats”) refers to an individual who leaves his country of origin to work in another country.<\/td>\n\u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df, \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf \u099b\u09c7\u09dc\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Guest worker<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09a5\u09bf \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Guest workers are considerd temporary workers often involved in “low” or “semi-skilled” activities. They are usually not considered eligible for permanent migration, and are required to return home when their work contracts expire.<\/td>\n\u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09a5\u09bf \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0, \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u201c\u0995\u09ae\u201d \u09ac\u09be \u201c\u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u09be\u09ae\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u201d \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09a6 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Short-term\/temporary migrant<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\/\u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Migrants who go to a country for a specific purpose and limited-time. Permanent settlement and citizenship rights are usually not accessible. Temporary migrantion can include migration for the purpose of study, work, business, and other reasons. Temporary labor migration is often referred to as a “guest worker” program. GCC states classify their migrant workforce as “temporary” in part to circumvent international frameworks that apply to migrants.<\/td>\n\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09c7\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b8 \u0993 \u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09af\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09be\u09b6\u09cb\u09a8\u09be, \u0995\u09be\u099c, \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0964 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u201c\u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09a5\u09bf \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0993\u09a4\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u201c\u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09c0\u201d \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Seasonal Worker<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A migrant worker whose work is dependent on seasonal conditions and is performed only during part of the year. In the Gulf, a large number of seasonal workers are employed during the Hajj period in Saudi Arabia, during the periods of international events, and festivals like Dubai Summer Surprises festival in UAE and Hala February festival in Kuwait.<\/td>\n\u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09c0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u0964 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09c0\u09df \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u09b8\u09cc\u09a6\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b9\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u099a\u09b2 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0987\u09ad\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0\u09ac \u0986\u09ae\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u0987 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c, \u0993 \u0995\u09c1\u09df\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u09ab\u09c7\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Low-income migrant<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u0986\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Usually construction workers, domestic helpers, cleaners, drivers, and agricultural workers, whose work is characterized by long days and relatively low pay. Consider using this term in place of “low-skilled” and “unskilled” worker.<\/td>\n\u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995, \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0, \u0997\u09be\u09dc\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995, \u0993 \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u099c\u09dc\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u0995\u09ae\u0964 \u201c\u0995\u09ae \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u201d \u0993 \u201c\u0985\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u201d \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Low-skilled\/Unskilled migrants<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa-\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\/\u0985\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
This term usually refers to workers in the domestic work, construction, and agritulctural sector. “Low\/unskilled” workers are often distinguished from professional workers in labor regulations. For example, in the UAE, workers classed in the lowest skills levels 4-5 include house keepers, construction laborers, cleaners, and office boys. These workers ability to change their job is more restricted than those classed with higher skills.The term “low-income” is preferred, as “low-skilled” devalues the work these individuals do.<\/td>\n\u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0, \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09bf\u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0986\u0987\u09a8\/\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u201c\u0995\u09ae \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\/\u0985\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u201d \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u0986\u09b0\u09ac \u0986\u09ae\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c7, \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 (\u09ea-\u09eb) \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0, \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u0993 \u0985\u09ab\u09bf\u09b8 \u09b8\u09b9\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u0964 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0987 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u0964\u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u201c\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u0986\u09df\u09c7\u09b0\u201d \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u201c\u0995\u09ae \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u201d \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bachelor<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099a\u09c7\u09b2\u09b0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Refers to any low-income male-migrant workers. They are called bachelors whether or not they’re married because they reside in the country alone – most do not earn enough to qualify for a family\/spouse visa, and\/or do not make enough to care for their families in country. The term is derogatory and often in used to stir fears about migrant men in residential communities.<\/td>\n\u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u0986\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09cb\u0995; \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099a\u09c7\u09b2\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u0987 \u098f\u09a4\u09cb \u0986\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\/\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u0989\u09b8 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0993 \u0986\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0985\u09ac\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ad\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u099b\u09dc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Domestic Worker<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \/ \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b2\u09c0 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A domestic worker is an individual who is paid to perform household duties such as cleaning, cooking, and care (e.g. with children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities) in a home. Domestic workers also include gardeners, security guards, and drivers. Domestic workers may be men or women, and are usually migrant workers. The 2011 ILO Convention on Decent Work for Domestic Workers (No. 189) provides a full range of protections for domestic worker labor rights but host countries, including all of the MENA countries and many sending countries in this corridor, have not ratified this convention. Note that each country defines a domestic worker in their own terms.<\/td>\n\u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0998\u09b0\u09cb\u09df\u09be \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0-\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1-\u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7-\u09b6\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0\u09c0\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u0964 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09c0, \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c0, \u0993 \u0997\u09be\u09dc\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c2\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8\u0964 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0, \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0-\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u0989\u09ad\u09df\u0987 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u0964 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e7 \u0986\u0987\u098f\u09b2\u0993 \u0995\u09a8\u09ad\u09c7\u09a8\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7 \u200d\u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09be \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b6\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u098f\u0996\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u0987 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c1\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n\u201c\u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u201d – \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Highly Skilled\/Skilled Migrant<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\/\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A migrant worker who, because of his\/her skills, is usually granted preferential treatment regarding admission to a host country and subject to fewer restrictions including length of stay, change of
\nemployment and family reunification. For example, in the UAE, migrant skill levels are classified on a scale of 1-6, with those in 1-3 more able to change jobs without facing a ban.<\/td>\n		\u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995, \u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09a6, \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997; \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09ae \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u0986\u09b0\u09ac \u0986\u09ae\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c7, \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09e7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ec-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09e7-\u09e9 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09c7\u09a7\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u0987\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Documented Migrant<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A migrant worker who holds the requisite legal doccuments to live and\/or work in a country.<\/td>\n\u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995, \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Undocumented Migrant<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u09a8\u09a5\u09bf\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Migrants lacking the authoritization to enter, remain, or be employed in a country.<\/td>\n\u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0, \u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a2\u09cb\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0986\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964<\/td>\n\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u0993 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09a5\u09bf\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09a5\u09bf\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0993 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irregular Migrant<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Someone without legal status in a transit or host country, either because they entered illegally or because their visas expired, or someone otherwise not authorized to remain in the country. In the GCC, migrants may become irregular for various reasons, including overstaying visas or running away from their employers.
\nThis term is preferrable to “illegal migrants” as it does not assume that migrant workers are to blame for their status.<\/td>\n		\u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u0989, \u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u0989 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a2\u09c1\u0995\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7, \u09ac\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09a6 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u0964 \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7, \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09a6\u09cb\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09df \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09dc\u09be\u09a8\u09cb; \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964
\n\u201c\u0985\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u201d \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u09be\u09dc\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/td>\n		<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Returning migrant<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Migrants who voluntarily return to their country of citizenship, usually with the intention of staying for at least one year. In this region, the term can sometimes refers to workers who finished a contract, returned home, and come back to the country for another job.<\/td>\n\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a8, \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u0989\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7: \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/td>\n\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u0997\u09a3\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Stranded Migrants<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0986\u099f\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Migrants who are unable to remain in a country legally, move to another country, or return home. Migrants may be stranded for a number of reasons, but common examples in this region include issues with their sponsor. Workers may become stranded if their sponsors have literally abandoned them, taken their passports, refused to give them exit permits, or keep them waiting indefinitely for backpay.<\/td>\n\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be, \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u0993 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u099f\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df, \u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb: \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u099d\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u0964 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u099f\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09df, \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u099f \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df, \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09df \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Migrant smuggling<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u099a\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The transport of an individual into a country where the individual does not have legal documentation, in exchange for financial or material benefit. Unlike trafficking, smuggling does not require an element of exploitation, coercion, or violation of human rights. However, smuggled migrants can quickly become victimis of trafficking. For example, migrants smuggled from the Horn of Africa into Yemen often finds themselves victims of forced labor.<\/td>\n\u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u0997\u09a4 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09be\u09df \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u099a\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09b6\u09cb\u09b7\u09a3, \u09a8\u09bf\u09aa\u09c0\u09dc\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u0999\u09cd\u0998\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u099a\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u0987 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u09b9\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09ac \u0986\u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u099a\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Clandestine Migration<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0997\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
See Irregular Migration<\/td>\n\u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c1\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
illegal entry<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0985\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The act of crossing borders without complying with the necessary requirements for legal entry into the receiving state.<\/td>\n\u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0987 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Destination countries<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Countries that receive migrant flows; in this context, destination countries are the GCC and other MENA countries that employ foreign workers. The term is preferable to receiving countries, as it does not refernece migrants in a commodifying way.<\/td>\n\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09aa\u099f\u09c7 \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0993 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09be \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df\u0964 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/td>\n\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0993 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u0993\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Origin countries<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Countries that are the source of migrant flows; in this context, countries of origin are the countries that migrant workers come from, such as Bangaldesh, Pakistan, and India. The term is preferable to labor-exporting or source countries, as it does not reference migrants in a commodifying way.<\/td>\n\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09aa\u099f\u09c7, \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7: \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6, \u09aa\u09be\u0995\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u0964 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0986\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Visa Trading<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Visa trading occurs when an individual “sells” the visa of a sponsored worker to another individual. The sponsor usually remains the official sponsor on paper, but the migrant works informally for another individual, performing work and pay that may be substantially different than the terms he or she was recruited on. Visa trading is a form of income for sponsors, but is illegal in the GCC states.<\/td>\n\u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09df \u09a4\u0996\u09a8, \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09a1 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0986\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b8\u09b2 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Free Visa<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Closely related to visa trading (and sometimes used interchangeably), the “free visa” also refers to the practice of migrants working for someone other than their sponsor. The worker freelances in the black market and typically pays his\/her sponsor a fee to keep their papers valid. The free visa is alluring for some migrants, who might be able to earn more from the practice, but it also deprives them of legal protections and can make them vulnerable to exploitation. Employers find the free visa attractive because they avoid recruitment, housing, and other fees associated with sponsorship.<\/td>\n\u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u0997\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 (\u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df)\u0964 \u201c\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u201d \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09b2\u09cb\u09ad\u09a8\u09c0\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09a4\u09bf \u0986\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7, \u098f\u0987 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b6\u09cb\u09b7\u09a3-\u09b9\u09df\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c0\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u099c\u09dc\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf, \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ab\u09bf\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Overstay<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
To remain in the country longer than the visa allows. Workers may overstay visas if their employer refuses to renew their visas for whatever reason or if they choose to remain in the country to work freelance in the black market.<\/td>\n\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5: \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09a6 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u0964 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df; \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u0989 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09a6 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0993 \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Recruitment agency<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Recruitment agencies in both countries of origin and destination match employers with workers, provide workers information about living and working conditions, facilitate travel documents, issue work contracts, among other services. Generally, the employer is legally obligated to pay all recruitment fees in the country of destination, but migrants often pay hefty fees to recruiters in origin countries. Over the past few years, states in the GCC migration corridor have attempted to increase regulation of recruitment agencies in response to high fees and unscrupulous practices. Not all labor migration is conducted through official recruitment agencies.<\/td>\n\u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u0993 \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af, \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df \u0998\u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u09df, \u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7; \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u09cb \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4, \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u0987 \u09b8\u09ac \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ab\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be\u0987 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09dc \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09ab\u09bf \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09b0\u09cb \u0985\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09a4 \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7, \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09ac \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8 \u0986\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/td>\n\u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u2019\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u099f\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u098f\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u2019 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09a3\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Brokers\/Middlemen<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09a6\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\/\u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09c0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Recruitment agencies in both countries of origin and destination often hire brokers to connect them with workers. Brokers usually work informally and receive a cut from the recruiter. They may also charge additional fees to migrants. Brokers sometimes return migrants with connections abroad, and they often recruit in remote areas. The term “middlemen” is often used interchangeably with brokers, though a middlemen can refer to any intermediary in the recruitment process<\/td>\n\u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u0993 \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af, \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\/\u09a6\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09b2 \u09ad\u09be\u09dc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b2\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ab\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09be\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df \u09a6\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u201c\u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09df\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09a6\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7- \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u0989\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Money Lender<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09b8\u09c1\u09a6\u0996\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09a8<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prospective migrants may finance migration costs through lenders who charge excesively high interest rates, which can lead to a situation of debt bondage.<\/td>\n\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u09b8\u09c1\u09a6\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a7\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09df \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c7 \u098b\u09a3-\u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be, \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u0995, \u0993 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Forced labor\/ Compulsory labor<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\/ \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Any work or service that is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty or coercion, and for which the said person has not offered himself or herself voluntarily. A “menace of penalty” can include threats of physical violence against a worker or relatives, physical confinement, and denial of rights. The distinction between exploitation and forced labor is one of degrees. For example, while low wages and poor working conditions may be exploitative, alone they are not equivalent to forced labor. But a worker who is unable to leave such an environment because their employer has confiscated their identity documents, or because their recruitment agency forces them to return to their employer, would be considered in a situation of forced labor.<\/td>\n\u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u09c1\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09df \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u201d\u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09ad\u09df\u09ad\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u201d-\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7: \u09b6\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0\u09c0\u0995 \u09b8\u09b9\u09bf\u0982\u09b8\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09ae\u0995\u09bf, \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be, \u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u0999\u09cd\u0998\u09a8\u0964 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09b9\u09df\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0993 \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993, \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u0995\u09ae \u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u09b9\u09df\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b8\u09c7\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u098f\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7: \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09be\u099c \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09a8, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u099f\u09bf \u099b\u09c7\u09dc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987, \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u099c\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09ac\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n\u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u0987 \u0997\u09a3\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Human Trafficking<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a person often over international borders but also frequently within the boundaries of a single country, for the purpose of exploitation. It can include the threat or use of force, deception, abduction, the abuse of power or a position of vulnerability, or other forms of coercion. The purpose of human trafficking is exploitation, which can include the prostitution of others, forced labor, slavery or servitude.<\/td>\n\u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09a8, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0, \u0986\u09a6\u09be\u09a8-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7\u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b6\u09c7\u09be\u09b7\u09a3 \u0993 \u09b9\u09df\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0-\u099c\u09ac\u09b0\u09a6\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09ae\u0995\u09bf, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be, \u0985\u09aa\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3, \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0, \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u09c1\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b6\u09cb\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09cc\u09a8-\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997, \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae, \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0993 \u0985\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Slavery\/Slave Trade Trade\/slave trading\/slave trafficking<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\/ \u09a6\u09be\u09b8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be \/ \u09a6\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Slavery is the complete ownership of an individual by another. It is a part of a social institution wherein the community does not recognizes slaves as having rights. Forced labor is a component of slavery but the terms are not interchangeable. The term “modern slavery,” however, typically refers to forced labor, debt bondage, child labor, forced marriage, human trafficking, as well as descent-based slavery.<\/td>\n\u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u098f\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0982\u09b6, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae, \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09cb\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u201c\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09df\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df: \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae, \u098b\u09a3 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac, \u09b6\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae, \u099c\u09cb\u09b0\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09c7, \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u0982\u09b6\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Contract substitution<\/strong><\/td>\n\u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The practice whereby a worker signs a new contract in the destination country with terms less favorable than those they agreed upon during recruitment, usually with a lower wage, longer working hours, or even an entirely different job. The original contract is usually registered in the origin country in order to obtain the necessary paperwork, while the replacement contract, often in a language the worker does not understand, is officially registered in the destination country. Workers often feel they have no choice but to agree to this new contract, as they’re already in the destination country and have paid large costs. Bait-and-switch contract substitution can be a form of trafficking.<\/td>\n\u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df: \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae, \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0998\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf, \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0964 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u0986\u09b8\u09b2 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09df \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09af\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09df \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09dc \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099f\u09cb\u09aa \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Debt Bondage\/Debt Slavery\/Bonded Labor<\/strong><\/td>\n\u098b\u09a3\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09be\/ \u098b\u09a3 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\/ \u09ac\u09c7\u0997\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Labor and services in exchange for the repayment of debts. Migrant workers often take on large debts to find work abroad, and have little ability to reject work as their salaries are used to pay back these loans, with or without the direct involvement of their employer. Debt bondage is considered a risk factor for modern slavery.<\/td>\n\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u098b\u09a3 \u09b6\u09cb\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09ac\u09dc \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u098b\u09a3 \u09a8\u09c7\u09df\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u098b\u09a3 \u09b6\u09cb\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a8\u09be-\u0993 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098b\u09a3 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac, \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09a1 \u09b2\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u0997\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wage Garnishing<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u099f\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
In the labor migration context, wage garnishing usually refers to deducting wages from an employee’s salary for the purpose of repaying loans related to recruitment costs.<\/td>\n\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09aa\u099f\u09c7, \u0993\u09df\u09c7\u099c \u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u0982 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df: \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0996\u09b0\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u098b\u09a3 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6\u09cb\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u099f\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Exploitation<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09b6\u09cb\u09b7\u09a3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.<\/td>\n\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cb \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ab\u09be\u09df\u09a6\u09be \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u099a\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Passport confiscation<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09aa\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u099c\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Employers often keep hold of migrant workers’ passports or other identity documents as insurance against them “running away.” Though passport confiscation is illegal in all GCC countries, it is widely practiced and rarely penalized. Passport confiscation can lead to a slew of problems and delays for workers. For example, undocumented workers can be stranded for months in jail if a new passport needs to be acquired for them.<\/td>\n\u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u201c\u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7\u201d \u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u09b8\u09c7\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u099c\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u099c\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993, \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09b0\u09b9\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0993 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u0995\u09ae \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u099c\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Freedom of Movement<\/strong><\/td>\n\u099a\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A fundamental human right to move within any country, to leave any country, and to return to one’s country of citizenship. In the MENA region, low-income migrant workers’ freedom of movemet is often violated both by authorities and employers. For example, migrant men may be prohibited from entering certain neighborhoods, establishments such as malls, and parades. Likewise, migrant women face restrictions based on local religious laws. In general, the freedom of movement of domestic workers is heavily restricted, with many not allowed to leave the home on thier own, even on their day off.<\/td>\n\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be, \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u099b\u09c7\u09dc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09ac \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09be (\u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0986\u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be) \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u0986\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u09ad\u09c0\u09b7\u09a3\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0998\u09cd\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7; \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u098f\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be\u09df (\u09b6\u09aa\u09bf\u0982 \u09ae\u09b2, \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1) \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09c7\u09a7\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7, \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09df \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7, \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09b2\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09bf \u099b\u09c7\u09dc\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u0995 \u099b\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u09a8\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Employment Mobility \/ Right to change jobs<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The sponsorship system heavily restricts employment mobility, and obstacles persist even in countries where migrants can change jobs without the permission of their employe. Restrictions on employment mobility is one reason why the sponsorship system can lead to forced labor.<\/td>\n\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u09aa \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\/\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u0993, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u09aa \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7- \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u0993 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Nationalisation of the workforce<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u0995\u09b0\u09a3<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Several GCC countries implement natioanlization policies to increase the employment of nationals and reduce the expatriate population (Kuwaitzation, Saudization, Emiratization etc). Nationalization policies vary widely both in content and enforcement, but they are generally restricted to certain sectors.<\/td>\n\u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u099c\u09a8\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09c7 \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 (\u0995\u09c1\u09df\u09c7\u09a4\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3, \u09b8\u09cc\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09a3, \u0986\u09ae\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf)\u0964 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u098f\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Absconding\/Runaway<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0997\u09cb\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\/\u09aa\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u0995<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Absconding refers to the departure of a worker from their place of employment (each country specifies the criteria for an absconded worker). Sponsors report absconded workers, who are then considered irregular and subject to detention and deportation. Restrictions on changing employers and poor working conditions makes absconding a prevalent phenomenon, particularly among domestic workers. Absconded workers usually work freelance or find shelter with their embassies. ‘Absconded’ is preferred to the commonly used-term ‘runaways,’ though both terms carry a negative connotation that unfairly focuses on the worker’s departure rather than the causes of departure.<\/td>\n\u09aa\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u0995 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df: \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be \u099b\u09c7\u09dc\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 (\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09aa\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7)\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\/\u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u099f\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c2\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09df \u09a8\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u201c\u09aa\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u0995\u201d \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 ”\u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0997\u09cb\u09aa\u09a8’ \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Exit permit \/ Visa<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09a4\u09bf\/ \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\/ \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
An exit permit or exit visa is a government-issued document granting an individual permission to leave a country, which can only be obtained with permission from one’s sponsor. Only Qatar and Saudi Arabia still require exit visas. Though Qatar reformed its exit visa system in 2017, it still effectively exists.<\/td>\n\u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u099f \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c \u09af\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cc\u09a6\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ed \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09a8\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0996\u09a8\u09cb \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09c1 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shelter<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09df<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Shelters for migrant workers in this region are most commonly provided for domestic workers. Domestic workers who have left abusive employers (most of them in a trafficking or forced labor situation) may be housed in shelters run by the government (e.g. in Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait) or in make-shift shelters in embassies. Shelters that are run by the government in particular are contentious as their conditions \u2014 migrant workers are not allowed to leave \u2014 resemble detention centers. The UAE has a shelter specifically for trafficking victims.<\/td>\n\u098f\u0987 \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u09dc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09df \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 (\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a8, \u0995\u09c1\u09df\u09c7\u09a4 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cc\u09a6\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u09ac), \u09ac\u09be \u09a6\u09c2\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0986\u099f\u0995\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb\u0987\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u0982\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09b0\u09ac \u0986\u09ae\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Migrant Regularization\/Amnesty<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\/\u09b8\u09be\u099c\u09be \u09ae\u0993\u0995\u09c1\u09ab<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
In the Gulf, amnesties usually describe a program allowing undocumented migrants to return home without paying residency-related fines or other penalties. Regularization, which allows migrants who are in a country without authorization the opportunity to legalize their status, may or may not be a part of amnesty programs.<\/td>\n\u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09c0\u09df \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7, \u09b8\u09be\u099c\u09be \u09ae\u0993\u0995\u09c1\u09ab \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ab\u09bf-\u099c\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09be, \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09be\u099c\u09be \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\u0995\u09b0\u09a3-\u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u0993\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u099c\u09be \u09ae\u0993\u0995\u09c1\u09ab \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a8\u09be-\u0993 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Administrative Detention<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u099f\u0995<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The detention of an individual without a trial, used by many counries for the purpose of repatriating undocumented migrants. In the MENA region, the administrative detention of undocumented workers is a widespread practice, wherein migrants are unable to contest their status. Migrants can be indefinitely detained, particularly if they do not have their passports.<\/td>\n\u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u099f\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u0997\u099c\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u099c\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u0964 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09be \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7, \u0985\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u099f\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be \u0985\u09b9\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u099f\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kafeel\/sponsor<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0995\u09be\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\/\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kafeel is an aliteration for the term “sponsor” in Arabic. A kafeel\/sponsor is the individual or company who is the legal guarantor for a foreigner. A kafeel\/sponsor usually refers to the employer, but an expatriate parent or spouse is also a sponsor to kids and spouses on family visas.<\/td>\n\u0986\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0995\u09be\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\/\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0993 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09cb\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0993 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09a5\u09bf\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\/\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u0995\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u0998\u09cb\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Wage Protection System (WPS)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be (\u09a1\u09ac\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0989\u09aa\u09bf\u098f\u09b8)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Electronic salary transfer system that allows governments to monitor worker’s wages and theoretically protect against wage deductions and late payment of wages. WPS exists in varying forms in each of the GCC states. The system’s flaws have been documented by Migrant-Rights.org and GLMM.<\/td>\n\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u099c\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf-\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ac\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09c1 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f-\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09b8 \u09a1\u099f \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u0993 \u099c\u09bf\u098f\u09b2\u098f\u09ae\u098f\u09ae-\u098f\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kafala\/Sponsorship System<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0995\u09be\u09ab\u09be\u09b2\u09be\/\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u09b6\u09bf\u09aa \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
The migration management system prevalent in the MENA region, which requires all foreign workers to have a sponsor, usually their employer, who is responsible for their visa and legal status. The system has shades of difference across the region, and often distinguishes between low-income laborers and higher income workers. Foreign workers must request permission to change employers, and in some cases to leave the country. The system has been criticized for the unfair power dynamic between employers and migrants that makes workers vulnerable to exploitation.<\/td>\n\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09be \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09b0\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b8\u09be \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u099c\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u0987 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8 \u0993 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u0986\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c8\u09b7\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be-\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u0997\u09dc\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09cb\u09b7\u09a3-\u09b9\u09df\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u099d\u09c1\u0981\u0995\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0993 \u098f\u09b0\u0987 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Blacklisting<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Migrant workers can be “blacklisted” from entering a country for a number of reasons, one of the most common being having “absconded” from an employer. Migrants can be banned from a country indefinitely or for a limited duration. “Blacklisting” can also refer to recruitment agencies or employers who are no longer allowed to recruit migrant workers because of abuse or other illegal behavior. Blacklists are openly maintained by some embassies, and less so by countries of destination.<\/td>\n\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09cb: \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u201c\u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u201d\u0964 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u0993 \u201c\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u201d \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u0993 \u0985\u09ac\u09c8\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09b0 \u09ad\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09a5\u09bf\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c2\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bilateral labour agreement<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bilateral Labour Agreements (BLAs) between countries of origin and destination delimit shared rules, restrictions, and responsibilities.<\/td>\n\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u099a\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u0993 \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf, \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09c7\u09a7 \u0993 \u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
National Referral Mechanism (NRM)<\/strong><\/td>\n\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u09b0\u09c7\u09ab\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c7\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09ae (\u098f\u09a8\u0986\u09b0\u098f\u09ae)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
A multi-agency victim identification and support process to assess cases of human trafficking and help victims\/survivor<\/td>\n\u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09be, \u09a4\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ad\u09bf\u0995\u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af-\u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09ac\u09df\u09c7\u0964<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be \u09ae\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8 \u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8 Migrant \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 Someone who changes his or her country of usual residence, irrespective of the reason for migration or legal status. The term usually applies those who choose to move freely, without a compelling external factor (such as war, climate change). In English, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3031140,"featured_media":355375,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"republication-tracker-tool-hide-widget":false,"footnotes":"","_tec_slr_enabled":"","_tec_slr_layout":""},"categories":[23068,23067,23065],"tags":[],"gijn_topic":[],"series":[],"gijn_language":[17788],"gijn_region":[],"class_list":["post-431567","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-23068","category-23067","category-23065","gijn_language-bn-bn"],"acf":[],"ticketed":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/431567","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3031140"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=431567"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/431567\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/355375"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=431567"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=431567"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=431567"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_topic?post=431567"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/series?post=431567"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_language?post=431567"},{"taxonomy":"gijn_region","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/gijn_region?post=431567"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}