{"id":1623083,"date":"2024-07-14T07:13:15","date_gmt":"2024-07-14T11:13:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/?p=1623083"},"modified":"2024-07-24T00:13:24","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T04:13:24","slug":"%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d9%85%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gijn.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%af\/%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%84-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d9%85%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f 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loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1623267\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1623267\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A-radio-station-broadcaster-reads-a-list-of-names-of-missing-children-twice-a-day-provided-by-the-ICRC-in-the-hopes-of-reuniting-families-in-Minova-DR-Congo-771x510-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"771\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A-radio-station-broadcaster-reads-a-list-of-names-of-missing-children-twice-a-day-provided-by-the-ICRC-in-the-hopes-of-reuniting-families-in-Minova-DR-Congo-771x510-1.jpg 771w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A-radio-station-broadcaster-reads-a-list-of-names-of-missing-children-twice-a-day-provided-by-the-ICRC-in-the-hopes-of-reuniting-families-in-Minova-DR-Congo-771x510-1-336x222.jpg 336w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/A-radio-station-broadcaster-reads-a-list-of-names-of-missing-children-twice-a-day-provided-by-the-ICRC-in-the-hopes-of-reuniting-families-in-Minova-DR-Congo-771x510-1-768x508.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1623267\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0651 \u0634\u0645\u0644 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aria-level=\"1\"><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/what-international-humanitarian-law\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a> (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639. \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629) \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.diakonia.se\/ihl\/resources\/international-criminal-law\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628) \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/casebook.icrc.org\/law\/ihl-and-human-rights\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 (\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644) \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><i>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639.\u00a0 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/doc\/resources\/documents\/article\/other\/armed-conflict-article-170308.htm\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 (\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0650\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/doc\/resources\/documents\/misc\/634kfc.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641. \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u2013 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rulac.org\/\">\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d&#8221; \u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628&#8221;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0651 &#8220;\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d&#8221;. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628&#8221;. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628&#8221; \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628&#8221;)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627. <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.diakonia.se\/ihl\/resources\/international-humanitarian-law\/when-does-ihl-apply\/\">\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rulac.org\/classification\">\u00a0\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/a> \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641).<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.diakonia.se\/ihl\/resources\/international-humanitarian-law\/when-does-ihl-apply\/\"> \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0634\u062f\u0651\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a. <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/Pages\/ParticipationStatus.aspx?clang=_en\">\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/ihl-treaties\/treaties-and-states-parties\"> \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0650\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0650\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/ihl-treaties\/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries\"> \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1949<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 (\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629)\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/ihl-treaties\/geneva-conventions-1949additional-protocols-and-their-commentaries\"> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1977<\/a> (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/legal.un.org\/icc\/statute\/99_corr\/cstatute.htm\"> \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/asp.icc-cpi.int\/states-parties\">123 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/a>. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646. (\u0627\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628&#8221;).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights\"> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a>\u060c <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/en\/instruments-mechanisms\/instruments\/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a>\u060c<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.echr.coe.int\/Pages\/home.aspx?p=basictexts&amp;c\"> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u060c<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oas.org\/dil\/treaties_B-32_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.htm\"> \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u060c <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/achpr.au.int\/en\/charter\/african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/war-and-law\/treaties-customary-law\/customary-law\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u064e\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/guide-humanitarian-law.org\/content\/article\/3\/non-state-armed-groups\/\"> \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 (<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/ihl-treaties\/api-1977\/article-48\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 48<\/a>)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0650\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627.\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl\">\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631<\/a> \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064c \u062c\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064d \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064f \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0650 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/what-are-jus-ad-bellum-and-jus-bello-0\">\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/a> (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644). \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 <i>\u00a0\u0644\u0627<\/i>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0641\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_1631254\" style=\"width: 346px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Bosnian-and-Croatian-prisoners-of-war-at-the-prison-camp-in-Manjaca-Bosnia.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1631254\" class=\"wp-image-1631254 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Bosnian-and-Croatian-prisoners-of-war-at-the-prison-camp-in-Manjaca-Bosnia-336x503.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"336\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Bosnian-and-Croatian-prisoners-of-war-at-the-prison-camp-in-Manjaca-Bosnia-336x503.jpg 336w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Bosnian-and-Croatian-prisoners-of-war-at-the-prison-camp-in-Manjaca-Bosnia.jpg 522w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 336px) 100vw, 336px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1631254\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c 22 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\/\u0622\u0628 1992. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0651\u064f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u061f <\/b><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule7\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a> \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0651\u0631\u0642) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0625\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0629 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u0631&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u064f \u0634\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule3\">\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644&#8221; \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0651\u064c \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f<\/a>\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064a). \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646 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aria-level=\"1\">\u064a\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u062f\u0651\u064f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629 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\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639\u0647. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0651\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0651\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628) \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.diakonia.se\/ihl\/resources\/international-humanitarian-law\/ihl-principle-of-precautions-in-attack\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645<\/a>. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule22\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645<\/a>\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0652\u0639\u0650 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627. <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/weapons\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629<\/a> (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1631300\" style=\"width: 781px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shutterstock_2301029013-771x578-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1631300\" class=\"wp-image-1631300 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shutterstock_2301029013-771x578-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"771\" height=\"578\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shutterstock_2301029013-771x578-2.jpg 771w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shutterstock_2301029013-771x578-2-336x252.jpg 336w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/shutterstock_2301029013-771x578-2-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1631300\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><b>\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646\u0629. <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/casebook.icrc.org\/glossary\/detainees\">\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0651\u064f <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/prisoners-war-what-you-need-know\">\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a> &#8211; \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/ihl-treaties\/gciii-1949\">\u0627\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1949<\/a>\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0651\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637\u064f<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/doc\/resources\/documents\/misc\/634kfc.htm\"> \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.diakonia.se\/ihl\/resources\/international-humanitarian-law\/ihl-law-occupation\/\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a>. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/doc\/war-and-law\/emblem\/overview-emblem.htm\">\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621<\/a>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0642 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0651\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0623\u064a <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/guide-humanitarian-law.org\/content\/article\/3\/perfidy\/\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0633\u0627\u0643\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c 2009. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992. \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule156\">\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a>&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064e \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/genocideprevention\/war-crimes.shtml\">\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a>\u060c \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0639\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a 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\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0651\u064e \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u064e\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629&#8221;.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2013\/03\/whats-the-difference-between-crimes-against-humanity-and-genocide\/274167\/\">\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 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href=\"https:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Documents\/Countries\/CD\/FS-2_Crimes_Final.pdf\">\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a&#8221;.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u0642\u0635\u062f 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\u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1631346\" style=\"width: 781px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Chapter_3_Maciek-Nabrdalik_VII-Photo_08-771x514-2.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1631346\" class=\"wp-image-1631346 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Chapter_3_Maciek-Nabrdalik_VII-Photo_08-771x514-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"771\" height=\"514\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Chapter_3_Maciek-Nabrdalik_VII-Photo_08-771x514-2.jpeg 771w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Chapter_3_Maciek-Nabrdalik_VII-Photo_08-771x514-2-336x224.jpeg 336w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Chapter_3_Maciek-Nabrdalik_VII-Photo_08-771x514-2-768x512.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-1631346\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0623\u0648\u0634\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0632&#8221; \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0627\u0641\u0637\u0629 &#8220;Arbeit Macht Frei&#8221; (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646) \u0623\u0648\u0634\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c 2009.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><b>\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule15\">\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 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\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/doc\/resources\/documents\/article\/other\/57jpjf.htm\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646). \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule152\">\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a>\u061b<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/en\/customary-ihl\/v1\/rule153\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/a> (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f &#8220;\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641&#8221; \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641.<\/p>\n<p><b>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 &#8211; \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 &#8211;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/iwpr.net\/global-voices\/print-publications\/reporting-justice-handbook-covering-war-crimes-courts\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/01\/25\/magazine\/germany-trial-syria.html\"> \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/a> <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/middle-east\/dutch-court-convicts-syrian-war-crimes-over-killing-soldier-2021-07-16\/\">\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/a>) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2022\/04\/how-are-war-crimes-prosecuted\">\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627<\/a> (\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 &#8220;<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2009\/10\/19\/basic-facts-universal-jurisdiction\">\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a>&#8220;).<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u00a0<a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/about\/the-court\">\u00a0\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0636\u0627\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/how-the-icc-works.aba-icc.org\/\">\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/asp.icc-cpi.int\/states-parties\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0640 123 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/asp.icc-cpi.int\/states-parties\">\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629<\/a> (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/globaljusticecenter.net\/files\/Discrimination_to_Destruction.pdf\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0634<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/ukraine\">\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0651\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/darfur\">\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 <\/a><a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/situations\/libya\">\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627<\/a>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"2\">\u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/en\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u064f\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0648 <a rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/ruleoflaw\/thematic-areas\/international-law-courts-tribunals\/international-hybrid-criminal-courts-tribunals\/\">\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629<\/a> \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0631\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c <i>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/i><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\">\n<div class=\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 juice:w-full juice:items-end overflow-x-auto gap-2\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"5367efd7-cf21-4ad3-aadf-e2eb3677c822\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 juice:empty:hidden juice:first:pt-[3px]\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-1631369\" src=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture-140x140.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"140\" height=\"140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture-140x140.png 140w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture-336x334.png 336w, https:\/\/gijn.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/Claire-Simmons-profile-picture.png 576w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 140px) 100vw, 140px\" \/><\/a>\u062f. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a 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